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venerdì 20 settembre 2019

FACE + hl What Criminologists Don’t Say, and Why Judith Miller

Problema: quando riusciremo a sapere che un certo soggetto compirà delitti all’80%, che ne faremo di lui?
CITY-JOURNAL.ORG
Monopolized by the Left, academic research on crime gets almost everything wrong.

QUELLA BRUTTA RAZZA DEI CRIMINOLOGI
Negli anni '60 e '70 i criminologi chiedevano che le politiche pubbliche attaccassero le "cause profonde" del crimine, come la povertà e il razzismo. Miliardi di dollari dei contribuenti si sono riversati in ambiziosi programmi sociali. Il crimine è esploso.

Informazioni su questo sito web
CITY-JOURNAL.ORG
Monopolized by the Left, academic research on crime gets almost everything wrong.

What Criminologists Don’t Say, and Why
Judith Miller
Citation (APA): Miller, J. (2019). What Criminologists Don’t Say, and Why [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
What Criminologists Don’t Say, and Why By Judith Miller
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In the 1960s and 1970s, for example, criminologists demanded that public policy attack the “root causes” of crime, such as poverty and racism.
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billions of taxpayer dollars poured into ambitious social programs— yet
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crime went up,
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criminologists proceeded to tell us that the police could do little to cut crime,
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when political scientist James Q. Wilson called for selective incapacitation of violent repeat offenders, he found himself ostracized by his peers,
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OSTRACISMO
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OSTRACISMO
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Wilson’s work was ignored by awards committees,
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In the real-world policy arena, however, Wilson attained significant influence:
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FINESTRA ROTTA
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FINESTRA ROTTA
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How can an academic discipline be so wrongheaded? And should we listen to criminologists today when, say, they call for prisons to be emptied, cops to act as glorified playground attendants, and criminal sentences to be dramatically reduced, if not eliminated?
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CRISI DI AFFIDABILITÀ
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CRISI DI AFFIDABILITÀ
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Academic criminologists are mainly sociologists,
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criminal behavior is strongly intergenerational, that relatively few people account for the majority of all crimes, and that some offenders desist from crime over time but many others simply change the types of crimes they commit.
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COSA SAPPIAMO
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COSA SAPPIAMO
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most offenders are generalists— that is, they commit a diverse assortment of crimes— and
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Most criminals, it turns out, are lazy.
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Evidence of the liberal tilt in criminology is widespread. Surveys show a 30: 1 ratio of liberals to conservatives within the field,
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SQUILIBRIO
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SQUILIBRIO
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Themes of injustice, oppression, disparity, marginalization, economic and social justice, racial discrimination, and state-sanctioned violence dominate criminological teaching and scholarship,
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Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 38
the winners were primarily rewarded for their left-wing advocacy.
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PREMI
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PREMI
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Mac Donald argued that because of increased scrutiny and charges of racism, police had rolled back their efforts to deter crime, at least in minority communities, resulting in rising violence in many cities across the country. She called this the “Ferguson Effect,”
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DANNI
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DANNI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 55
Led by the work of Jonathan Haidt, a growing number of scholars now acknowledge that a lack of ideological diversity in the social sciences skews research in favor of leftist claims, which become the guiding principles of many fields, challenged only at the risk of harming one’s career.
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DIVERSITÀ
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DIVERSITÀ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 62
Coauthor John Wright has recently collected data showing that political ideology predicts almost perfectly the policy positions of criminologists. On issues ranging from gun control to capital punishment to three-strikes laws,
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Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 66
Most criminologists follow a “penal-harm” narrative, which seeks to account for all the ways that the criminal-justice system hinders the lives of offenders
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OGGI
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OGGI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 70
lawmakers pushed for more police and longer and more uniform criminal sentences, went after gangs and street crime— largely located in minority neighborhoods— and backed increased prison capacity. The result was an era of “mass incarceration.”
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Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 81
equated incarceration with Guantánamo,
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Gottschalk had condemned the rise of the “carceral state” as a method to control black populations.
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incarceration took minority men out of their neighborhoods, stripped them of voting rights, destabilized families, and sapped already-paltry economic resources from struggling communities.
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Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 88
Travis stated that a “just-the-facts” approach to policy assessment should be replaced by normative “values in the research process.” What “values” should displace objective evaluation? The answer: social justice.
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SOCIAL JUSTICE
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SOCIAL JUSTICE
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America’s criminal justice system was constructed in slavery’s long shadow and is sustained today by the persistent forces of racism.”
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Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 111
Steven Levitt (of Freakonomics fame) and Thomas Marvell and Carlisle Moody found that each additional prisoner contributes to reductions ranging from 15 to 30 serious “index” crimes— which include murder, rape, aggravated assault, armed robbery,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 113
Unfortunately, criminologists either lack the tools and abilities to assess the amount of crime prevented through incarceration, or, more likely, they lacked the will to do so.
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Liberal criminologists avoid discussing the lifestyles that criminal offenders typically lead.
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men,
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families with long histories of criminal involvement,
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temperamental differences early in life,
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lives are chaotic and hedonistic,
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constant pursuit of drugs and sex.
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produce many children with different women
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exploit others for their own benefit, including women, children, churches,
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Many also report enjoying acts of violence;
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they see the police as another competing tribe
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criminal offenders are often shockingly pathological.
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the discipline has overtly censored research, for instance, on biological, genetic, and neurological factors that scientists have shown to be associated with antisocial traits and behavioral problems.
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SCIENZA SCOMODA
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SCIENZA SCOMODA
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neuroimaging studies that show systemic structural and functional brain differences between offenders and non-offenders— those
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other individual factors, including intelligence and personality,
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Disproportionate black involvement in violent crime represents the elephant in the room
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Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 148
In more than 90 percent of cases, the killer of a black victim is a black perpetrator.
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Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 152
What criminologists won’t say in public is that black offending differences have existed since data have been collected and that these differences are behind the racial disparities in arrest, prosecution, and incarceration.
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“Fifty years of research on the topic have failed to find the smoking gun linking justice-system disparities to racism.
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Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 169
Reliable evidence tells us that the most effective strategies to reduce crime involve police focusing on crime hot spots, targeting active offenders for arrest, and helping to solve local problems surrounding disorder and incivility. Putting predatory, recidivistic offenders in jail or in prison remains the best way to protect the public— especially those who live in high-crime neighborhoods.
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LA STRATEGIA
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LA STRATEGIA
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Gains made in reducing crime have been hard-won, but faulty reform can easily erode them.
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mercoledì 29 marzo 2017

Addressing the Problems that Lead to Prison james wilson

Addressing the Problems that Lead to Prison james wilson
riccardo-mariani@libero.it
Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2017). Addressing the Problems that Lead to Prison james wilson [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 1
Addressing the Problems that Lead to Prison By James Q. Wilson
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large fraction of our citizens,
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a nation of “racist jailers”
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PER ALCUNI
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“greed-driven economy”
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“so-called underclass”
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net benefits to ‘society’ of greater incarceration.”
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Let me summarize what Daniel Nagin, David Farrington, Patrick Langan, Steven Levitt, and William Spelman have shown. Other things being equal, a higher risk of punishment reduces crime rates.
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PURTROPPO IL CARCERE FUNZIONA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 19
the results of prison in America: It helps explain why this country has a lower rate of burglary than Australia, Austria, Canada, England, Germany, and the Netherlands, and a lower rate of auto theft than Australia, Austria, Canada, England, and Sweden. On the other hand, America’s homicide rate remains much higher than in those nations. America is more punitive, but except for homicide, it is also safer.
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EFFETTO DEL CARCERE USA
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The key moral and political question is whether our greater personal safety is worth our greater use of prison.
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LA QUESTIONE MORALE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 25
Racism exists here, but it cannot account for the fact that the racial identity of people who commit assaults and robberies is almost exactly the same as the racial identity of people who go to prison for those crimes.
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RAZZISMO? NO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 30
why blacks
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My research, like that of Orlando Patterson and others, suggests that slavery and Reconstruction deeply harmed African American culture by making intact families rare and denying to black victims the same degree of police protection that was afforded to whites.
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WHY BLACK?
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many black children have grown up in father-absent families.
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imprisonment for African Americans is a wake up call for our historical failure to incorporate them into a functioning and constructive culture.
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the gains, on the average, are small: recidivism rates are reduced by about 10 percent. Since two-thirds of all ex-cons commits a new offense within three years, a 10 percent reduction is not very much.
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RIABILITAZIONE? FUNZIONA POCO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 41
If we knew how to make street gangs less attractive
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The best approach is to invest in crime prevention programs aimed at young children. Careful evaluations show that such efforts exist. They include the Perry Pre-School program, nurse home visitations, various parent-child training programs, and certain school-based programs.
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INVESTIRE SUI PICCOLI
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many of the best prevention programs cost a lot of money for each child,
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PROBLEMA COSTI
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the programs that work are typically small, intense efforts that may or may not work if they are scaled up to be state-wide
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PROBLEMA SCALE UP
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Third, good programs often lose out to bad ones because the latter, though equally devoted to prevention, lack supportive evidence but have political muscle.
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PROBLEMA DISTORSIONI POLITICHE
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Talk about Policy, Please
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Glenn Loury acknowledges that imprisonment in America reduces crime but dislikes imprisonment despite this. I look forward to learning what he would put in its place. If it is rehabilitation, I hope he will explain what rehabilitative programs exist that can reduce recidivism by more than small amounts.
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RIABILITAZIONE INEFFICACE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 72
ignore policy,
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Punishment versus Probation By James Q. Wilson
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post-prison employment programs have only a small effect on recidivism, but he defends them by saying that prison also has only a modest effect on recidivism. He is correct, but he neglects the deterrent effect of prison
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LAVORO. POCO EFFICACE
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ALLORA MEGLIO IL CARCERE
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prison also has a retributive effect: people, especially victims of crime, want the wrongdoer to be punished.
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PRIGIONE HA ANCHE EFFETTO RETRIBUTIVO
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Retribution’s Legitimacy By James Q. Wilson
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Suppose a woman has been raped. Would she be satisfied with sending the rapist to an employment program? I doubt it.
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RETRIBUZ