mercoledì 2 marzo 2016

13 The Immoral Preference Objection - Markets without Limits: Moral Virtues and Commercial Interests by Jason F. Brennan, Peter Jaworski

13 The Immoral Preference Objection - Markets without Limits: Moral Virtues and Commercial Interests by Jason F. Brennan, Peter Jaworski. #democraziacomeespressione #predictionmarket #cassandrerispettate #ilsacroprezzato #bimbiprezzati #assicurazionevita
13 The Immoral Preference ObjectionRead more at location 2874
Note: .. Edit
The ArgumentRead more at location 2876
As we discussed in Chapter 7, an information market is a stock market in which people place bets on whether certain events will occur.Read more at location 2877
Note: PREDICTION MARKET Edit
They “tax bullshit”Read more at location 2880
Sandel was especially vexed by the proposed Policy Analysis Market, which would have allowed people to make bets on things like wars and terrorist attacks. In his view, these information markets commodify life and death,Read more at location 2882
Note: SCANDALO! Edit
If you place a large bet that a terrorist attack will occur tomorrow, you might thereby acquire an immoral preference that the attack occur.Read more at location 2886
Note: L OBIEZIONE SINTETICA Edit
The Immoral Preference Objection In information markets, people sometimes bet that certain bad things will happen. If a person bets that a bad thing will happen, she will come to have a stake in that bad thing happening, proportional to the size of the bet. If a person comes to have a stake in a bad thing happening, she will come to prefer that that bad thing happen, proportional to the size of the bet. To prefer that a bad thing happen shows flawed character; a perfectly virtuous person would not have such a preference. If an environment or context induces a person to have worse character, it is corrupting. Therefore, information markets are corrupting.Read more at location 2890
Note: OBIEZIONE ANALITICA Edit
It’s not quite a conceptual argument—it does rely upon empirical claims—butRead more at location 2897
Note: EMPIRIA!! Edit
Advocates of information markets agree and assume that placing a bet gives people a stakeRead more at location 2899
Note: L INNEGABILE Edit
Do All Negative Predictions Corrupt?Read more at location 2905
In response, we begin by noting that a similar kind of objection can be raised outside of information markets.Read more at location 2907
Note: PRIMA RISPOSTA Edit
An oncologist tells a patient, “You should get your affairs in order. You most likely have only a few months to live.”Read more at location 2908
Note: CASI DI CASSANDRE UTILI Edit
An economic forecaster (on television, working for government, or working for an investment firm) predicts that there will be a severe recessionRead more at location 2909
An executive tells the board that the company is likely to suffer $20 million in lossesRead more at location 2911
A weather forecaster predicts that the hurricane will cause $10 billion in damageRead more at location 2912
A parent tells her daughter that drinking an entire bottle of booze will give her a hangover and make her sick.Read more at location 2913
An intelligence officer briefs the president that he expects terrorist attacksRead more at location 2916
A government professor tells his students that unless they study, they will get bad grades.Read more at location 2919
Karl Marx claims that capitalism will immiserate the proletariat.Read more at location 2921
In each of the cases above, someone predicts that something badRead more at location 2924
Note: INSOMMA Edit
In each of these cases, a decent person would prefer ex ante that the bad thing not occur.Read more at location 2925
However, in virtue of having made the prediction in public or in front of others, the person making that prediction acquires a stake in being right, and thus acquires a stake in that bad thing happening. In each of these cases, the people making the prediction are supposed to be experts,Read more at location 2926
Note: REPUTAZIONE Edit
Their reputations are at stakeRead more at location 2928
Soi-disant experts who continually make false predictions can lose their status,Read more at location 2929
Philip Tetlock did a long-term study of experts’ ability to make predictionsRead more at location 2935
Note: TETLOCK. UN UOMO ODIATO DAGLI ESPERTI Edit
He found that they were typically not much better than chance. Many experts, especially foreign policy experts, find Tetlock’s results embarrassing.Read more at location 2937
Tetlock showed that they were incompetent at making such predictions.Read more at location 2939
Note: L ESPERTO DESIDERA AVERE RAGIONE Edit
Sandel could just agree with these points, but then respond that the problem is that information markets will draw more people into the inherently corrupting prediction game.Read more at location 2946
Note: L OBIEZIONE RIVISTA Edit
Bets and the Instrumental Value of LifeRead more at location 2949
Consider, for instance, life insurance. We now expect responsible spouses or parents to buy life insurance. But many people opposed life insurance, when it was invented, because they believed it would be corrupting.Read more at location 2951
Note: UNA STORIA PARALLELA: LE ASSICURAZIONI Edit
So, by buying life insurance, I corrupt my wife, in the sense that I weaken the strength of her desire that I live.Read more at location 2969
Note: MOGLI CORROTTE Edit
Sure, it reduces the strength of people’s preferences for good things, but it isn’t thereby automatically corrupting.Read more at location 2973
Note: CORRUZIONE vs PREVISIONE Edit
The market here corrupts, if we want to call it that, only in the sense that it reduces the instrumental value of someone’s life. Life insurance doesn’t change the intrinsic valueRead more at location 2975
Note: VALORE STRUMENTALE VS VALORE INTRINSECO Edit
All Things Considered PreferencesRead more at location 2985
Sandel might worry that when we bet on death, the instrumental value of death might trump the intrinsic value of life.Read more at location 2986
Note: LA PAURA DI SANDEL Edit
Here we turn to the work of moral psychologist Dan Ariely.5 Dan Ariely’s main research finding is that most people will lie, cheat, and steal on the margin, but only if doing so is compatible with them thinking of themselves as overall good people.Read more at location 2993
Note: RUBARE. MA POCO. PER POTRRSI CONSIDERARE ONESTI. FUDGE FACTOR Edit
If saints get an A+ in ethics, the average person wants a B. This person will lie a bit here and there, compatible with having B-level character,Read more at location 2998
Note: I SANTI. PENSIAMO MALE MA NN FACCIAMO IL MALE Edit
People placing bets in information markets already believe that bad things will happen—they wouldn’t bet otherwise.Read more at location 3001
Note: NELLA MENTE DELLO SCOMMETTITORE Edit
When Pricing the Priceless EnnoblesRead more at location 3012
Sandel might be surprised to learn that there’s empirical evidence that putting a monetary price on a person’s life, whether through life insurance or through damages awarded in a wrongful death tort case, can cause us to see people as possessing greater intrinsic value.Read more at location 3014
Note: IL PARADOSSO Edit
Similarly, if my kids get sick and die, I’ll save money in the long run. How should that figure into life insurance for children?Read more at location 3020
Sociologist Viviana Zelizer, in her book Pricing the Priceless Child, says that these became important questions in the late 19th century. Children started working less (on the farm or in factories). They thus stopped being economic assets to their parents and started being net economic burdens.Read more at location 3021
Note: BAMBINI MONETIZZATI Edit
How should life insurance deal with their deaths? As Zelizer documents at length, what happened was that, in deciding to put a price on children’s lives, people started to think of children as “priceless,”Read more at location 3024
Note: FASE UNO: BIMBI SENZA PREZZO Edit
The current attitudes we have towards children—seeing them as in some way sacred—developed as a result of trying to price childrenRead more at location 3026
Note: IL SACRO NASCE DAL DESIDERIO DI PREZZARE Edit
putting a price on things is sometimes the very thing that makes us come to see those things as priceless.Read more at location 3028
Note: METTERE UN PREZZO E LA VERITÀ