9 The Corruption Objection - Markets without Limits: Moral Virtues and Commercial Interests di Jason F. Brennan e Peter Jaworski

9 The Corruption Objection - Markets without Limits: Moral Virtues and Commercial Interests di Jason F. Brennan e Peter Jaworski - #studentidisonesti #definizioni

9 The Corruption ObjectionRead more at location 2094

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“Business Ethics” Is an Oxymoron, Tee HeeRead more at location 2096

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MSB undergraduates were almost twice as likely to admit to having engaged in some form of academic dishonestyRead more at location 2101

Note: LO STUDENTE IN EC. È PIÙ DISONESTO? Edit

Note, however, that MSB does not have a disproportionate number of violations reported to Georgetown’s Honor Council. If MSB students cheat more, they get caught less.Read more at location 2103

Note: PIÙ ONESTI O PIÙ ABILI? Edit

Why do more MSB students cheat than students in the school of nursing and health studies, the college of arts and sciences, or the school of foreign service (which boasts President Bill Clinton as an alumnus)?Read more at location 2104

Note: LA DOMANDA Edit

psychologists call a selection effect. MSB students are predominantly male,Read more at location 2106

Note: PRIMA POSSIBILE RISPOSTA Edit

men tend to cheat much moreRead more at location 2107

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nearly half of the increased cheating at MSB can be explainedRead more at location 2108

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what’s causing the other half of the disparity? Most people would be tempted to say it’s business.Read more at location 2109

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November 2012 Gallup poll asked subjects how they would rate the honesty and ethical standards of people in different professions.Read more at location 2110

Note: L OPINIONE PUBBLICA SULL ARGOMENTO Edit

palm reading—score better than bankers,Read more at location 2113

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According to popular perception, people attracted to business are more likely to have bad character,Read more at location 2114

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This creates a corrupting culture of greed,Read more at location 2116

Note: AVIDITÀ Edit

Perhaps when individuals work or study around others who lie and cheat, they come to be less bothered by lying and cheating.Read more at location 2116

Note: TEORIA DELLA CORRUZIONE Edit

In the market, we are all supposed to observe only minimal moral requirementsRead more at location 2119

Note: MINIMALISMO Edit

Acton said that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.Read more at location 2125

Note: ACTON Edit

maybe the benefits of markets in increased wealth, lifespans, and happiness exceed the costs to our souls—but nevertheless, it is a consideration against them. Markets put cash in our wallets but take a toll on our character.Read more at location 2127

Note: L IPOTESI ANTIMERCATO Edit

Five Corruption ObjectionsRead more at location 2130

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The Corruption Objection holds that participating in certain markets (or in any market, period) tends to cause us to develop defective preferences or character traits.Read more at location 2132

Note: CORRUPTION OBJECTION Edit

market is not simply a value-neutralRead more at location 2133

Note: MITO DELLA NEUTRALITÀ Edit

Over time, the market makes us worseRead more at location 2135

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We will then consider and rebut five major versions of the Corruption Objection:Read more at location 2143

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The Selfishness Objection: Claims that exposure to and involvement in markets tends to make people more selfishRead more at location 2144

Note: 1. EGOISMO Edit

The Crowding Out Objection: Claims that providing cash rewards for certain activities tends to crowd out and reduce people’s intrinsic motivation.Read more at location 2145

Note: INCENTICI INTERIORI Edit

The Immoral Preferences Objection: Claims specifically that betting in information markets corrupts people by giving them a stake in bad outcomes.Read more at location 2146

Note: IL DESIDERIO DEL MALE Edit

The Low Quality Objection: Claims that certain goods and services should not be commodified—sold for profit—because doing so produces lower quality versionsRead more at location 2148

Note: LA QUALITÀ DIGNITOSA Edit

The Civics Objection: Claims that markets and commodification threaten civic engagement,Read more at location 2149

Note: LA CIVILTÀ

How the Internet Subverts Cultural Transmission By Jerome H. Barkow in DOES THE INTERNET SUBVERT CULTURE?

How the Internet Subverts Cultural Transmission By Jerome H. Barkow in  DOES THE INTERNET SUBVERT CULTURE?

• How the Internet Subverts Cultural Transmission By Jerome H. Barkow
• È l ambiente che si adatta a noi e nn viceversa. Siamo inici. We are alone because instead of evolving different species to adapt to different geographies and climates, we adapt through culture.
• we are utterly dependent on vast bodies of stored, transmitted, and constantly edited and updated information, that is, on culture
• it includes subsistence skills, forms of social organization that are reasonably compatible with our current environment and level of technology, all details of that technology, effective ways to procure food and other essentials, the belief systems that more-or-less support the way we are socially organized, how we communicate from spoken language to gestures
• cultures are always changing,...Youth is a busy, busy time for members of Homo sapiens
• In recent years, some evolutionists have begun to think of culture as an adaptive, evolving system and the participants of a culture not as blind copying machines but as editors and inventers of the knowledge of which a culture consists
• This essay focuses on only one of our culture-editing mechanisms, the tendency to pay preferential attention to, and learn preferentially from, the high in status,
• In adolescence we tend to become preoccupied by our own relative standing and that of the people and groups around us.... we are editing out the behavior and knowledge of the low-in-status, the “losers,”the ignored, from the culture’s information pool. In their place we are replicating versions of the information associated with the high-in-status....Second, we are positioning ourselves to acquire prestige
• Esempio di collasso culturale. Cultural editing is not necessarily smooth. Even before the age of the Internet, preferential attention to the high in status could have unpredictable results. In my own work, during the 1970s, I lived among a people in Nigeria’s Middle Belt who called themselves the Migili (and whom the literature refers to as the “Koro”). Shortly before my arrival, a group of young Migili men had served in the Nigerian army. They had been astounded to learn that their revered elders were held in contempt by the surrounding Muslim, Hausa-speaking peoples, who thought of Migili as ignorant and dirty. The young men lost all respect for their elders and did the unthinkable: upon returning home they physically attacked some of the male elders.... Most people converted either to Evangelical Christianity or Catholicism, though some embraced Islam. The society changed thoroughly and irrevocably....
• for a culture to be perpetuated, the young must respect their elders: at least in some crucial ways, they must want to be like them and therefore to attend to them and learn preferentially from them.
• The Migili case gives us some insight into the impact of social media today. In part, the Migili social collapse resulted from a change in scale –from living in their own homogeneous town and having contact with outsiders....Modern social media represent a change in scale orders of magnitude greater,
• Entertainers and athletes seem to be presented as being near the top of the status hierarchy....We often grow up wanting to be like them, and even when we consciously reject them, they influence us.
• Bolla. Each online community develops its own prestige criteria and its own heroes,
• Whether we are talking of books, films, television, or the Internet, modern mass media devalue the coin of local prestige. This devaluation results in what economists might term “opportunity cost.”
• Everywhere, it seems, parents find themselves in the position of first generation immigrants whose children participate in a new and unfamiliar culture.
• What happens when the extreme group can convince their targets that they represent the most prestigious and powerful individual in the universe, the monotheistic god?
• “biology is destiny only if we ignore it” (Barkow 2003).
• Il dolce. We evolved to seek the tastes of salt, fat, and sweetness because, in earlier environments, these were reliable guides to scarce and valuable nutrients –they were indicators of nutrition. Today, these evolved preferences are exploited by industry to produce profitable but often dangerously unhealthy products. As with preferential attention to the high in status, our own evolved psychology is being turned against us. In both cases, our immediate reaction is to use cultural, religious, and moral systems against those responsible, trying to use shame and the label of “evil”to in effect lower the relative standing of those exploiting our evolved psychology for their own ends.

continua

Preface - DOES THE INTERNET SUBVERT CULTURE? Jerome H. Barkow Donald J. Boudreaux Zeynep Tufekci Julian Sanchez

Preface - DOES THE INTERNET SUBVERT CULTURE? Jerome H. Barkow Donald J. Boudreaux Zeynep Tufekci Julian Sanchez

• How the Internet Subverts Cultural Transmission by Jerome H. Barkow
• He suggests that the Internet is creating the conditions for a potentially disastrous social breakdown: When youth no longer respect and emulate high-status transmitters of culture, cultural knowledge is lost.
• The dramatic substitution of sports stars and entertainers for local authority
• Like Matt Ridley, I Remain Rationally Optimistic by Donald J. Boudreaux
• Material wealth has risen, he thinks, particularly because of rising knowledge
• Like other forms of media that have gone before them, social media have allowed us to trade and combine good ideas and bits of useful local knowledge that otherwise might never have been put to use.
• Kanye West, the Internet, and Cultural Evolution by Zeynep Tufekci
• Internet.... for many of us, it’s not replacing traditional local elders - it’s replacing the homogeneous, carefully produced mass media of the twentieth century.
• not just athletes, actors, and pop stars, but astrophysicists, philosophers,
• In Today’s World, Cultural Stasis Isn’t an Option by Julian Sanchez
• American teens nowadays seem remarkably well-behaved, and their online social activities mostly mirror their offline ones.

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