giovedì 22 agosto 2019
http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2019/08/the-nature-of-pessimism.html
mercoledì 21 agosto 2019
hl CHAPTER 13 Liberty as Means
CHAPTER 13 Liberty as Means
Note:13@@@@@@@@@@@@@Cambiamento sociale e decisione collettiva...libertarismo...prostituzione...paradosso: federalismo o libertarismo
Note:13@@@@@@@@@@@@@Cambiamento sociale e decisione collettiva...libertarismo...prostituzione...paradosso: federalismo o libertarismo
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The Paradox of Liberty
Note:TITOLO. PARADOSSO DELLA LIBERTÀ
Note:TITOLO. PARADOSSO DELLA LIBERTÀ
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Then how can we decide rationally among alternatives? The simplest answer is to hedge bets whenever possible.
Note:SCOMMESSE
Note:SCOMMESSE
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Various social, economic, and political arrangements have competed for survival, and those that persist therefore embed information about what works
Note:INFO NASCOSTE
Note:INFO NASCOSTE
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This should lead us to see what is often termed “status quo bias” as, instead, a rational preference for the status quo.
Note:STATUS QUO BIAS
Note:STATUS QUO BIAS
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but is not as simple as saying that the fittest social arrangements have survived, and therefore we live in the best of all possible worlds. First, the environment around us is constantly changing,
Note:EVOLUZNE ED EFFICIENZA
Note:EVOLUZNE ED EFFICIENZA
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it renders a verdict on packages
Note:SECONDO PROBLEMA DEL CAMBIAMENTO SOCIALE
Note:SECONDO PROBLEMA DEL CAMBIAMENTO SOCIALE
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not on individual elements
Note:Cccccccc
Note:Cccccccc
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societies that consistently follow the mantra of “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” usually will lose out to those who consistently seek opportunities for self-improvement.
Note:VOGLIA DI MIGLIORARE
Note:VOGLIA DI MIGLIORARE
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it is hard to know what effects a given action will actually have.
Note:DIFFICOLTA DI MIGLIORAMENTO. 1 CALCOARE EFFETTI
Note:DIFFICOLTA DI MIGLIORAMENTO. 1 CALCOARE EFFETTI
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Second, people disagree about what effects constitute improvement.
Note:VALUTARE EFFETTI....LA BATTAGI DEI VALORI
Note:VALUTARE EFFETTI....LA BATTAGI DEI VALORI
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First, for the reasons described above, in the absence of experimental evidence we should have a rational status quo preference, and therefore place the burden of proof on those who advocate change.
Note:ONERE DRLLA PROVA
Note:ONERE DRLLA PROVA
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we should as a next fallback try new ideas on a small scale with reduced risk.
Note:PROVARE SU BASSA SCALA
Note:PROVARE SU BASSA SCALA
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Sometimes, however, we will face an all-or-nothing reform decision, as in the case of the huge stimulus program the United States launched after the 2008 financial crisis. These types of decisions are dangerous and should be avoided whenever possible.
Note:ALL OR NOTHING
Note:ALL OR NOTHING
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Our ignorance demands that we let social evolution operate as the least bad of the alternatives for determining what works.
Note:ORDINE SPONTANEO...LEGGE DEL PIÙ FORTE
Note:ORDINE SPONTANEO...LEGGE DEL PIÙ FORTE
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Subsocieties that behave differently on many dimensions are both the raw materials for an evolutionary process that sifts through and hybridizes alternative institutions,
Note:COMPETIZIONE TRA SUB SOCIETIES....COMP DI GRUPPO
Note:COMPETIZIONE TRA SUB SOCIETIES....COMP DI GRUPPO
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We want variation in human social arrangements for some of the same reasons that biodiversity can be useful in genetic evolution.
Note:BIODIVERSITÀ
Note:BIODIVERSITÀ
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But if we take our ignorance seriously, the implications of this insight significantly diverge from much of what the modern libertarian movement espouses.
Note:LIBERTARIAN?...CONFUTAZIONE
Note:LIBERTARIAN?...CONFUTAZIONE
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creating the raw material of new ideas
Note:RUOLO DELLA LIBERTÀ
Note:RUOLO DELLA LIBERTÀ
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also provides a mechanism for testing, refining, and applying these new ideas.
Note:Ccccccc
Note:Ccccccc
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separate argument for liberty is that it is a metaphysical good—that
Note:VALORE IN SÈ
Note:VALORE IN SÈ
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I’ll call the more metaphysical argument liberty-as-goal, and the more prosaic argument I have made liberty-as-means.
Note:LIBERTÀ SCOPO O MEZZO?
Note:LIBERTÀ SCOPO O MEZZO?
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But these beliefs often conflict, raising what we could call the paradox of liberty, or more precisely, the paradox of liberty-as-means.
Note:CONFLITTO E PARADOSSO
Note:CONFLITTO E PARADOSSO
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Should prostitution be legal? The canonical Libertarian Party position is that prostitution is a consensual act between adults and therefore should not be prohibited by law. The liberty-as-means position is far more tentative. We don’t know the overall effects of legalized prostitution.
Note:ESEMPIO PROSTITUZIONE
Note:ESEMPIO PROSTITUZIONE
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What the liberty-as-means libertarian calls for is the freedom to experiment: let different localities try different things, and learn from this experience.
Note:LIBERTÀ D ESPERIMENTO
Note:LIBERTÀ D ESPERIMENTO
Note | Page: 213
LOCALISMO....SPERIMENTARE ANCHE SOLUZIONI LIBERTARIE....VEDI IL CASO LEVY
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This leads then to a call for “states as laboratories of democracy” federalism in matters of social policy,
Note:FEDERALISMO
Note:FEDERALISMO
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The characteristic error of the contemporary Right and Left in this is enforcing too many social norms on a national basis.
Note:NATIONAL BASIS
Note:NATIONAL BASIS
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What if social conservatives are right and the wheels really will come off society in the long run if we don’t legally restrict various sexual behaviors? What if some left-wing economists are right and it is better to have aggressive zoning laws that prohibit big-box retailers?
Note:IL DILEMMA DEI LIBERTARI
Note:IL DILEMMA DEI LIBERTARI
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The freedom to experiment needs to include freedom to experiment with different governmental (i.e., coercive) rules.
Note:ECCO ALLORA IL PARADOSSO DELLA LIBERTÀ
Note:ECCO ALLORA IL PARADOSSO DELLA LIBERTÀ
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Three Limits to Liberty
Note:TITOLO. LIMITI DELLA LIBERTÀ
Note:TITOLO. LIMITI DELLA LIBERTÀ
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Freedom of subsocieties to enforce (or not enforce) coercive rules on people
Note:IL PRINCIPIO....A SEGUIRE...LE SUE LIMITAZIONI
Note:IL PRINCIPIO....A SEGUIRE...LE SUE LIMITAZIONI
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one of the primary mechanisms by which more successful methods of organization win out over others in evolutionary competition is through people voting with their feet.
Note:PREMESSA AL PRIMO LIMITE...COME VALUTARE.LA COMPETIZIONE DI GRUPPO
Note:PREMESSA AL PRIMO LIMITE...COME VALUTARE.LA COMPETIZIONE DI GRUPPO
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So, one limit on the freedom to experiment is that subsocieties should not be allowed to trap adults.
Note:PRIMO LIMITE
Note:PRIMO LIMITE
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This does not imply a fully corresponding right of entry.
Note:Ccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccc
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A second limit can be created by external threats, of which one important type is foreign aggression, and another is rapid change in the physical environment.
Note:SEVONDO LIMITE: SICUREZZA E GUERRA
Note:SEVONDO LIMITE: SICUREZZA E GUERRA
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military attack,
Note:CccccccESEMPIO 1
Note:CccccccESEMPIO 1
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killer asteroid hurtling
Note:CccccccccESEMPIO 2
Note:CccccccccESEMPIO 2
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Throughout most of human history, leaders have used the threat of future foreign aggression to justify state control, but in modern Western democracies, long-term threats to the physical environment are also used for this purpose. Characteristically, though not universally, the political Right cites threats of foreign military action, and the political Left cites threats to the physical environment.
Note:DESTRA: MINACCIA SICUREZZA. SINISTRA: MINACCIA AMBIENTE
Note:DESTRA: MINACCIA SICUREZZA. SINISTRA: MINACCIA AMBIENTE
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The third limit on liberty is created by the evolutionary desirability of collective action. In a competitive environment, societies can create advantages through various means that require some amount of coordination across the bulk of the society. Two key examples are economies of scale, and social cohesion to improve efficiency.
Note:TERZO LIMITE: BENI PUBBLICI. ECONOMIE DI SCALA E COESIONE SOCIALE
Note:TERZO LIMITE: BENI PUBBLICI. ECONOMIE DI SCALA E COESIONE SOCIALE
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Variation directly threatens economies of scale.
Note:PURTROPPO
Note:PURTROPPO
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The Nature and Importance of Social Cohesion
Note:Ttttttttttt UN CASO CONTROVERSO
Note:Ttttttttttt UN CASO CONTROVERSO
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Suppose that US jurisdiction X, where you do not live and will never visit, decides to make orphanages mandatory for all children born out of wedlock.
Note:ES DELL ORFANATROFIO
Note:ES DELL ORFANATROFIO
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Suppose they then institute a system of corporal punishment for the children in them.
Note:Cccccccccf
Note:Cccccccccf
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“Some of the children traumatized into serial criminality by growing up in such orphanages are likely to leave this place and move to where I live,
Note:ESTERNALITÀ...ANCHE SOLO IN TERMINI DI DISGUSTO
Note:ESTERNALITÀ...ANCHE SOLO IN TERMINI DI DISGUSTO
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Like science, which requires a community of scientists who share a specific morale, all real organizations that succeed over time are held together partially by common assent to ideals, and are not perceived by the participants as merely rational deals between entirely self-interested parties.
Note:LA COMUNITÀ VA OLTRE LA RAZIONALITÀ
Note:LA COMUNITÀ VA OLTRE LA RAZIONALITÀ
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collective—IBM, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Steelers, the US Marine Corps, the University of Cambridge, or the United States of America—appeals to the rational self-interest of its members but also creates a sense of irrational identification with the enterprise.
Note:IDENTIFICAZIONE
Note:IDENTIFICAZIONE
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I define social cohesion as the amalgamation of this subjective attitude (the combination of irrational loyalty to a collective and a belief of “we’re all in it together”), the widespread expectation that this attitude is shared, and the behaviors that flow from it.
DEFINIZIONE DI CULTURA
DEFINIZIONE DI CULTURA
HL 1 Who Pays for Your Coffee?
Who Pays for Your Coffee?
Note:Tema: il valore. Come si fanno i soldi sul mercato? Scarsità + richiesta...Il potere dela scarsità richiesta: sul mercato guadagnano solo consumatori e monopolisti...Vuoi sapere se sei sfruttata? Controlla di che genere è il monopolio che realizza quei profitti x cui paghi...Perchè i pop corn costano di più al cinema? Perchè è lì che i consumatori li vogliono mangiare! Location location location...Chi paga la regolamentazione sulla sicurezza? I consumatori + deboli (i prodotti ideali x loro nn si trovano) o + attenti (i prodotti ideali x loro costano di più). Premiato il consumatore facoltoso e distratto...Gang e Mafia: la violenza crea monopoli. la violenza può essere condannata x motivi etici oppure x' rovina il gioco della competozione e quindi dell'efficienza...Oltre alla violenza ci sono altri modi x eliminare la competizione. Per esempio attraverso i sindacati. Recentemente il metodo è entrato in crisi poichè la competizione è internazionale mentre i sindacati nazionali. Altre volte padroni donamici in espansione e monopsonisti distruggono i sindacati penalizzandoli. Ci sono forme occulte di sindacalizzazione: albi, formazione, patenti...Immigrazione. Gli immigrati ci rubano il posto? Di solito l'immigrazione è vista male dalla popolazione + rozza e bene dalla pop. + raffinata. E nn certo xchè i + rozzi giudichino rozzamente...L'analisi standard: il razzismo è frutto dell' ignoranza, tanto è vero che alligna tra le classi + basse che si oppongono all'immigrazione. L'analisi corretta: vista la matura migratoria è normale che ad opporsi siano le classi basse ma x una questione fi interessi nn di razzismo...La scienza economica è neutrale? Spesso no: il mezzo di analisi influenza il giudizio che diamo del mondo. Gli economisti lottano contro i protezionismi e i sindacati ma lo fanno in nome delle ipotesi sottostanti ai loro modelli...
Note:Tema: il valore. Come si fanno i soldi sul mercato? Scarsità + richiesta...Il potere dela scarsità richiesta: sul mercato guadagnano solo consumatori e monopolisti...Vuoi sapere se sei sfruttata? Controlla di che genere è il monopolio che realizza quei profitti x cui paghi...Perchè i pop corn costano di più al cinema? Perchè è lì che i consumatori li vogliono mangiare! Location location location...Chi paga la regolamentazione sulla sicurezza? I consumatori + deboli (i prodotti ideali x loro nn si trovano) o + attenti (i prodotti ideali x loro costano di più). Premiato il consumatore facoltoso e distratto...Gang e Mafia: la violenza crea monopoli. la violenza può essere condannata x motivi etici oppure x' rovina il gioco della competozione e quindi dell'efficienza...Oltre alla violenza ci sono altri modi x eliminare la competizione. Per esempio attraverso i sindacati. Recentemente il metodo è entrato in crisi poichè la competizione è internazionale mentre i sindacati nazionali. Altre volte padroni donamici in espansione e monopsonisti distruggono i sindacati penalizzandoli. Ci sono forme occulte di sindacalizzazione: albi, formazione, patenti...Immigrazione. Gli immigrati ci rubano il posto? Di solito l'immigrazione è vista male dalla popolazione + rozza e bene dalla pop. + raffinata. E nn certo xchè i + rozzi giudichino rozzamente...L'analisi standard: il razzismo è frutto dell' ignoranza, tanto è vero che alligna tra le classi + basse che si oppongono all'immigrazione. L'analisi corretta: vista la matura migratoria è normale che ad opporsi siano le classi basse ma x una questione fi interessi nn di razzismo...La scienza economica è neutrale? Spesso no: il mezzo di analisi influenza il giudizio che diamo del mondo. Gli economisti lottano contro i protezionismi e i sindacati ma lo fanno in nome delle ipotesi sottostanti ai loro modelli...
Note | Location: 158
1@@@@@@@sfruttamento copetizione e monopolio...immigrazione
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According to economics professor Brian McManus, mark-ups on coffee are around 150 per cent
Note:MARK UP SMISURATI
Note:MARK UP SMISURATI
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So somebody is making a lot of money. Who?
Note:MA I BARISTI NN SI ARRICCHICONO
Note:MA I BARISTI NN SI ARRICCHICONO
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location, location, location.
Note:RIPETILO
Note:RIPETILO
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simply remember that there are thirteen coffee bar entrepreneurs on one side of the negotiating table and on the other side is a manager who owns a single, perfect coffee-bar site.
Note:CONCORRENZA E MONOPOLIO
Note:CONCORRENZA E MONOPOLIO
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By playing them off against each other, the Network Rail manager should be able to dictate the terms,
Note:Ccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccc
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if there’s a profitable deal to be done between somebody who has something unique and someone who has something which can be replaced, then the profits will go to the owner of the unique resource.
Note:LA LEGGE
Note:LA LEGGE
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Strength from scarcity
Note:Tttttttttt
Note:Tttttttttt
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Bargaining strength comes through scarcity: settlers are scarce and meadows are not, so landlords have no bargaining power.
Note:LA LEGGE DELLA SCARSITÀ
Note:LA LEGGE DELLA SCARSITÀ
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Why is coffee expensive in London, New York, Washington or Tokyo? The common-sense view is that coffee is expensive because the coffee bars have to pay high rent. David Ricardo’s model can show us that this is the wrong way to think about the issue, because ‘high rent’ is not an arbitrary fact of life. It has a cause.
Note:XCHÈ IN CENTRO MILANO IL CAFFÈ È CARO
Note:XCHÈ IN CENTRO MILANO IL CAFFÈ È CARO
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prime coffee-bar locations will command high rents only if customers will pay high prices for coffee. Rush-hour customers are so desperate for caffeine and in such a hurry that they are practically price-blind. The willingness to pay top whack for convenient coffee sets the high rent, and not the other way around.
Note:LA SPIEGA....MONOPOLIO
Note:LA SPIEGA....MONOPOLIO
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Portable models
Note:Ttttttttt
Note:Ttttttttt
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Economics is partly about modelling, about articulating basic principles and patterns that operate behind seemingly complex subjects like the rent on farms or coffee bars.
Note:COME RAGIONA L ECONOMIA...IL MODELLO DEL COFFEE BUSINESS
Note:COME RAGIONA L ECONOMIA...IL MODELLO DEL COFFEE BUSINESS
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Ricardo’s model is useful for discussing the relationship between scarcity and bargaining strength, which goes far beyond coffee or farming and ultimately explains much of the world around us.
Note:IL MODELLO VINCENTE
Note:IL MODELLO VINCENTE
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A word of caution is appropriate, though. The simplifications of economic models have been known to lead economists astray.
Note:NELLA TRAPPOLA CADDE RICARDO STESSO
Note:NELLA TRAPPOLA CADDE RICARDO STESSO
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A unified agricultural sector had nothing to gain from improving the land’s productivity with roads or irrigation, because those improvements would also reduce the scarcity of good land.
Note:APPLICANDO ALLA LETTERA IL SUO MODELLO...ES PERCHÈ COSTRUIRE AUTO SE HO IL MONOPOLIO SU CARROZZE E CAVALLI?
Note:APPLICANDO ALLA LETTERA IL SUO MODELLO...ES PERCHÈ COSTRUIRE AUTO SE HO IL MONOPOLIO SU CARROZZE E CAVALLI?
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Ricardo failed to realise that thousands of landlords competing with each other would make different decisions than a single one.
Note:CcccccccccRICCARDO FALLISCE NEL PREVEDERE L INNOVAZIONE NN DISTINGUENDO TRA CONCORRENZA E MONOPOLIO
Note:CcccccccccRICCARDO FALLISCE NEL PREVEDERE L INNOVAZIONE NN DISTINGUENDO TRA CONCORRENZA E MONOPOLIO
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If applied correctly, it shows that environmental legislation can dramatically affect income distribution.
Note:COSA CI FA SCOPRIRE IL MODELLO DI RICARDO
Note:COSA CI FA SCOPRIRE IL MODELLO DI RICARDO
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Different reasons for high rent
Note:TttttttttttttttIL MISTERO DEI POPCORN
Note:TttttttttttttttIL MISTERO DEI POPCORN
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why popcorn is so expensive at the cinema – there was no popcorn shortage
Note:I MISTERI
Note:I MISTERI
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Let’s say landlords get together and manage to persuade the local sheriff that there should be what in the UK is called a ‘green belt’, a broad area of land around the city on which property development is very strongly discouraged by tough planning regulations.
Note:TORNIAMO A VEDERE COME SI CREANO LE RENDITE...PIANO REGOLATORE
Note:TORNIAMO A VEDERE COME SI CREANO LE RENDITE...PIANO REGOLATORE
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So we’ve found two reasons why rents might be high. The first is that it’s worth paying a lot for good land, because the grain that good land produces is so valuable. The second is that it’s worth paying a lot for good land because the alternatives that should be available are not.
Note:DUE FATTORI DI RENDITA...PRODUTTIVITÀ E REGOLE
Note:DUE FATTORI DI RENDITA...PRODUTTIVITÀ E REGOLE
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effect is to transfer a massive amount of money from London tenants to London landlords:
Note:UN EFFETTO DEL PIANO REGOLATORE
Note:UN EFFETTO DEL PIANO REGOLATORE
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it is important that when we are weighing the pros and cons of legislation like the Green Belt, we understand that its effects are more than simply to preserve the environment.
Note:QUESTA NN È UNA CRITICA AI PIANI MA...
Note:QUESTA NN È UNA CRITICA AI PIANI MA...
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improvements in the quality and price of the commuter train services that bring people into London’s mainline stations,
Note:UNA MALEDIZIONE X I PROPRIETARI
Note:UNA MALEDIZIONE X I PROPRIETARI
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The answer is that improved public transport increases the alternatives to renting a place in the city.
Note:Cccccccccccc
Note:Cccccccccccc
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Are we being ripped off?
Note:Tttttc è mo nopolio e monopolio
Note:Tttttc è mo nopolio e monopolio
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How can we tell the difference between things that are expensive because they are naturally scarce, and things that are expensive because of artificial means – legislation, regulation or foul play?
Note:NATURA E REGOLE
Note:NATURA E REGOLE
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Without perpetrating too much intellectual violence, we can replace ‘rent’ with ‘profit’
Note:RENDITA E PROFITTO
Note:RENDITA E PROFITTO
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a ‘sustainable competitive advantage’, meaning the sort of edge over the competition that will produce profits year in and year out.
Note:PROFITTO MERITATO SUL MERCATO
Note:PROFITTO MERITATO SUL MERCATO
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The newspapers often point to high corporate profits as a sign that the consumer is being screwed. Are they right? Only sometimes.
Note:C È PROFITTO E PROFITT
Note:C È PROFITTO E PROFITT
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But high profits are not always earned so fairly; sometimes the newspaper outrage is justified. There’s a second explanation for high corporate profits. What if a kind of banking ‘green belt’ completely excluded Cornelius’s bank from the market?
Note:I PROFITTI DA REGOLAMENTAZIONE
Note:I PROFITTI DA REGOLAMENTAZIONE
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If I want to know whether I am being ripped off by supermarkets, banks or drug companies, I can find out how profitable those industries are. If they are making high profits, then initially I am suspicious. But if it seems that it is fairly easy to set up a new company and compete, I become less suspicious. It means that the high profits are caused by a natural scarcity: there are not many really good banking organisations in the world, and good banking organisations are much more efficient than bad ones.
Note:UN CRITERIO XGIUDICARE LO SFRUTTAMENTO
Note:UN CRITERIO XGIUDICARE LO SFRUTTAMENTO
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Resource ‘rents’
Note:Ttttttttttttttt
Note:Ttttttttttttttt
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people who like to avoid competition
Note:IL CATTIVO
Note:IL CATTIVO
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Trade unions, lobby groups, people studying for a professional qualification
Note:CHI OPERA IN VISTA DI MONOPOLI
Note:CHI OPERA IN VISTA DI MONOPOLI
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‘rent-seeking’.
Note:Ccccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccccc
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It’s not easy to do this. It turns out that the world is a naturally competitive place,
Note:X FORTUNA...TUTTO COMPETE CON TUTTO
Note:X FORTUNA...TUTTO COMPETE CON TUTTO
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farmland.
Note:I GRANDI MONOPOLI DEL PASSATO
Note:I GRANDI MONOPOLI DEL PASSATO
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oil.
Note:Ccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccc
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Until 1973, the world’s oil supply was produced by ‘oil meadows’, largely in the Middle East.
Note:STORIA DEL PETROLIO
Note:STORIA DEL PETROLIO
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The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, which was sitting on most of the oil meadows, decided in 1973 to take some of its own meadows out of commission, by ordering each member country to restrict oil production.
Note:1974
Note:1974
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short run
Note:Ttttttt
Note:Ttttttt
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To keep prices high, OPEC was forced to accept a smaller and smaller share of the world oil market. Eventually Saudi Arabia broke ranks in 1985 and expanded production.
Note | Location: 445
FINE
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In the last couple of years we have been tripped up by a combination of unexpectedly high demand in China with disruptions in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Nigeria and Venezuela,
Note:SVILUPPI DELL IMPENNATA RECENTE
Note:SVILUPPI DELL IMPENNATA RECENTE
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When does crime pay?
Note:Tttttt
Note:Tttttt
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people have to find other ways to prevent competition. One popular method is through violence,
Note:VIOLENZA E MONOPOLIO
Note:VIOLENZA E MONOPOLIO
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Drug dealers prefer not to have competitors driving down the price of drugs.
Note:ESEMPIO
Note:ESEMPIO
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if you’re risking prison anyway, there is little point in using half measures.
Note:GIÀ CHE SIAMO CRIMINALI
Note:GIÀ CHE SIAMO CRIMINALI
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the ‘foot-soldiers’ sometimes take home as little as $1.70 an hour. Promotion prospects are good, considering the rapid turnover of gang membership (people leave, or get killed, quite often); but even considering these prospects, the average wage is less than $10 an hour. This is not much given that over a four-year period, the typical gang member can expect to be shot twice, arrested six times and has a one-in-four chance of being killed.
Note:SOLO LA PROSPETTVA DI UN MONOPOLIO FA TIRARE AVANTI
Note:SOLO LA PROSPETTVA DI UN MONOPOLIO FA TIRARE AVANTI
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Mafia groups often get involved in legitimate businesses, such as wholesale laundry, which can make big profits only if entry is deterred.
Note:DETERRENZA
Note:DETERRENZA
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Mafia provides overpriced laundry services to restaurants as a way of extorting money.
Note:Ccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccc
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‘Conspiracies against the laity’
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it does not mean that people have not worked out other ways to keep competitors at bay. Trade unions are an obvious example.
Note:METODI LEGALI X ESCLUDERE
Note:METODI LEGALI X ESCLUDERE
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Without unionisation, wages could be kept very low. With it, competition could be excluded and wages would rise
Note:Ccccccc
Note:Ccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 481
anti-trust laws designed to prevent collusion between large companies were also directed against unions. But as the political climate changed, these laws were ruled inapplicable and trade unions grew in strength.
Note:Cccccccc
Note:Cccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 485
When unions are perceived as making unreasonable demands, causing prices to rise to a level that’s deemed unacceptable by a large portion of the public, the public in turn puts pressure on politicians to regulate the unions.
Note:Ccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 487
Sometimes the unions have their scarcity challenged by international competition,
Note:IL NEMICO DEI SINDACATI
Note:IL NEMICO DEI SINDACATI
Yellow highlight | Location: 495
teachers’ wages were kept low for years – and declining relative to average earnings – in spite of the fact that there was a shortage of qualified teachers. This is because the government, the single employer, has massive bargaining power.
Note:INSEGNANTI
Note:INSEGNANTI
Yellow highlight | Location: 507
And now for something controversial
Note:Ttttttttt immigrazione
Note:Ttttttttt immigrazione
Yellow highlight | Location: 509
do immigrants steal our jobs?
Note:PROBLEMA
Note:PROBLEMA
Yellow highlight | Location: 510
Well-educated workers
Note:UN GRUPPO DI LAVORATOEI
Note:UN GRUPPO DI LAVORATOEI
Yellow highlight | Location: 511
tend to welcome immigration as part of an enriching process
Note | Location: 511
Ccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 512
poorly educated workers tend to reject any further immigration by unskilled immigrants on the grounds that ‘they steal our jobs’.
Note:SECONDO GRUPPO
Note:SECONDO GRUPPO
Yellow highlight | Location: 514
As one of those skilled workers I dislike resistance to immigrants and would like to see more immigration.
Note:CONFLITTO INTERESSE
Note:CONFLITTO INTERESSE
Yellow highlight | Location: 520
If the country is short of unskilled shelf-stackers, their wages will have to rise to attract people into the job. But if the country is short of skilled managers and full of unskilled shelf-stackers, I’ll be paid well for my scarcity value,
Note:DOV È LA SCARSITÀ RELATIVA?
Note:DOV È LA SCARSITÀ RELATIVA?
Yellow highlight | Location: 522
Some blame resistance to immigration on the racism of the unedu cated. An alternative, and more convincing, theory suggests that everybody is acting in his own self interest. New workers are good for people who have assets that become relatively scarcer,
Note:TESI SULLE SIMPATIE IMMAGRIZIONISTE
Note:TESI SULLE SIMPATIE IMMAGRIZIONISTE
Yellow highlight | Location: 527
In the UK, the salaries of nurses in the National Health Service have been kept low by the influx of thirty thousand foreign nurses;
Note:ES PRECLARO
Note:ES PRECLARO
Yellow highlight | Location: 531
What should economists do?
Yellow highlight | Location: 535
Some economists would claim that there is no difference between their analysis of coffee rents and their analysis of immigration. In an important sense, that’s true. Economics is in many ways just like engineering; it will tell you how things work and what is likely to happen if you change them.
Note:UNA VISIONE SEMPLICISTICA
Note:UNA VISIONE SEMPLICISTICA
Yellow highlight | Location: 541
economists often step beyond their role as engineers of economic policy and become advocates. David Ricardo, for example, was an early campaigner for free trade.
Note:NN SEMPRE OGGETTIVI GLI ECONOMISTI
Note:NN SEMPRE OGGETTIVI GLI ECONOMISTI
Yellow highlight | Location: 543
repeal of the Corn Laws, which severely restricted the import of grain.
Cccccccccccc
Cccccccccccc
HL 1 Taste of turtle
Taste of turtle—Where
Note:1@@@@@@@@@@@LEGALITÀ...asimmetria info subdunber superdunbar...scaling conflitto d interesse....metrica
Note:1@@@@@@@@@@@LEGALITÀ...asimmetria info subdunber superdunbar...scaling conflitto d interesse....metrica
Yellow highlight | Location: 887
You who caught the turtles better eat them,
Note:L ADAGIO IN COMMENTO
Note:L ADAGIO IN COMMENTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 889
a group of fishermen caught a large number of turtles. After cooking them, they found out at the communal meal that these sea animals were much less edible than they thought:
Note:ORIGINE
Note:ORIGINE
Yellow highlight | Location: 893
the principle that you need to eat what you feed others.
Note:IL PRINCIPIO DIETRO L ADAGIO...PARABOLA DI MERCURIO CHE FORZA IL PESCATORE AD ASSAGGIARE IL CIBO SOSPETTO CHE OFFRONO
Note:IL PRINCIPIO DIETRO L ADAGIO...PARABOLA DI MERCURIO CHE FORZA IL PESCATORE AD ASSAGGIARE IL CIBO SOSPETTO CHE OFFRONO
Yellow highlight | Location: 894
A CUSTOMER IS BORN EVERY DAY
Note:Tttttttttt
Note:Tttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 899
The asymmetry is when said advice applies to you but not to him—he
Note:ASIMMETRIA
Note:ASIMMETRIA
Yellow highlight | Location: 911
what is presented as good for you is not really good for you but certainly good for the other party.
Note:CAPITA SEMPRE NEL MONDO DEGLI AFFARI
Note:CAPITA SEMPRE NEL MONDO DEGLI AFFARI
Yellow highlight | Location: 913
“Do you have an ax?” (meaning an inquiry whether you have a certain interest).
Note:LA DOMANDA DA FARE
Note:LA DOMANDA DA FARE
Yellow highlight | Location: 914
Avoid at all costs those who call you to tout a certain product disguised with advice.
Note:QUELLI DA EVITARE
Note:QUELLI DA EVITARE
Yellow highlight | Location: 928
Salespeople are experts in the art of psychological manipulation, making the client trade, often against his own interest, all the while being happy about it and loving them and their company.
Note:ASIMMETRIA DEL VENDITORE
Note:ASIMMETRIA DEL VENDITORE
Yellow highlight | Location: 934
THE PRICE OF CORN IN RHODES
Note:Ttttttttttt
Note:Ttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 937
problem in the course of the transactions: how much should the seller reveal to the buyer?
Note:PROBLEMA
Note:PROBLEMA
Yellow highlight | Location: 938
“Is it ethical to sell something to someone knowing the price will eventually drop?”
Note:ESEMPUO
Note:ESEMPUO
Yellow highlight | Location: 939
Diogenes of Babylon and his student Antipater of Tarsus,
Note:CHI NE HA DIBATTUTO
Note:CHI NE HA DIBATTUTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 942
Cicero in De Officiis.
Note:FONTE
Note:FONTE
Yellow highlight | Location: 942
Assume a man brought a large shipment of corn from Alexandria to Rhodes, at a time when corn was expensive in Rhodes because of shortage and famine. Suppose that he also knew that many boats had set sail from Alexandria on their way to Rhodes with similar merchandise. Does he have to inform the Rhodians?
Note:IL CASO
Note:IL CASO
Yellow highlight | Location: 945
“stuffing”—selling
Note:I GERGO L ATTO DI VENDERE SENZA INFO
Note:I GERGO L ATTO DI VENDERE SENZA INFO
Yellow highlight | Location: 946
The penalty was ostracism.
Note:SE UN TRADER LO FA A UN TRADER
Note:SE UN TRADER LO FA A UN TRADER
Yellow highlight | Location: 946
But it was sort of permissible to do it to the anonymous market and the faceless nontraders, or those we called “the Swiss,” some random suckers far away.
Note:QUANDO È CONCESSO
Note:QUANDO È CONCESSO
Yellow highlight | Location: 947
There were people with whom we had a relational rapport, others with whom we had a transactional one.
Note:LA DIFFERENZA
Note:LA DIFFERENZA
Yellow highlight | Location: 950
Diogenes held that the seller ought to disclose as much as civil law requires. As for Antipater, he believed that everything ought to be disclosed—beyond
Note:DIATRIBA PRESSO I CLASSICI...LEGALITÀ CONTRO ETICA
Note:DIATRIBA PRESSO I CLASSICI...LEGALITÀ CONTRO ETICA
Yellow highlight | Location: 954
The ethical is always more robust than the legal. Over time, it is the legal that should converge to the ethical, never the reverse. Hence: Laws come and go; ethics stay.
Note:INTERMEZZO ETICA E LEGALE
Note:INTERMEZZO ETICA E LEGALE
Yellow highlight | Location: 961
counterintuitively, the more regulations, the easier it was to make money.
Note:LA MIA ESPERIENZA COME TRADER
Note:LA MIA ESPERIENZA COME TRADER
Yellow highlight | Location: 962
EQUALITY IN UNCERTAINTY
Note:Tttttttttt
Note:Tttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 964
The ancient Mediterranean and, to some extent, the modern world, seem to have converged to Antipater’s position. While we have “buyer beware” (caveat emptor) in the Anglo-Saxon West,
Note:LE POSIZIONI
Note:LE POSIZIONI
Yellow highlight | Location: 977
Sharia establishes the interdict of gharar, drastic enough to be totally banned in any form of transaction.
Note:UN ESEMPIO....SOLUZIONE SHARIA
Note:UN ESEMPIO....SOLUZIONE SHARIA
Yellow highlight | Location: 978
it means both uncertainty and deception—my personal take is that it means something beyond informational asymmetry between agents: inequality of uncertainty.
Note:UN TERMINE PARTICOLARE
Note:UN TERMINE PARTICOLARE
Yellow highlight | Location: 990
RAV SAFRA AND THE SWISS
Note:Tttttttt LA SOLUZIONE DEL TALMUD
Note:Tttttttt LA SOLUZIONE DEL TALMUD
Yellow highlight | Location: 993
Rav Safra, a third-century Babylonian scholar who was also an active trader, was offering some goods for sale. A buyer came as he was praying in silence, tried to purchase the merchandise at an initial price, and given that the rabbi did not reply, raised the price. But Rav Safra had no intention of selling at a higher price than the initial offer, and felt that he had to honor the initial intention. Now the question: Is Rav Safra obligated to sell at the initial price, or should he take the improved one?
Note:IL PROBLEMA..TOTAL TRANSPARENCY
Note:IL PROBLEMA..TOTAL TRANSPARENCY
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,003
what if he sold to one client at the marked-up price, and to another one the exact same item for the initial price, and the two buyers happened to know one another?
Note:METODO INSOSTENIBILE SENZA SAFRA
Note:METODO INSOSTENIBILE SENZA SAFRA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,004
It may not be ethically required, but the most effective, shame-free policy is maximal transparency,
Note:Cccccccccccc
Note:Cccccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,005
However, the story doesn’t tell us whether the purchaser was a “Swiss,” those outsiders our ethical rules don’t apply to.
Note:PICCOLO PARTICOLARE
Note:PICCOLO PARTICOLARE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,007
Kant: theory is too theoretical for humans.
Note:ECCEZIONI SEMPRE
Note:ECCEZIONI SEMPRE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,013
MEMBERS AND NON-MEMBERS
Note:Ttttttftff
Note:Ttttttftff
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,014
Things don’t “scale” and generalize, which is why I have trouble with intellectuals talking about abstract notions.
Note:DON'T SCALE
Note:DON'T SCALE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,015
the world is not a large village.
Note:Ccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,016
When Athenians treat all opinions equally and discuss “democracy,” they only apply it to their citizens, not slaves or metics
Note:STORIA
Note:STORIA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,025
Today’s Roma people (aka Gypsies) have tons of strict rules of behavior toward Gypsies, and others toward the unclean non-Gypsies called payos.
Note:ESEMPIO
Note:ESEMPIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,035
This scale transformation from the particular to the general is behind my skepticism about unfettered globalization and large centralized multiethnic states.
Note:GLOBALIZZAZIONE...PALESTINA
Note:GLOBALIZZAZIONE...PALESTINA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,036
Yaneer Bar-Yam showed quite convincingly that “better fences make better neighbors”—something
Note:CONFINI
Note:CONFINI
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,038
Putting Shiites, Christians, and Sunnis in one pot
Note:L ERRORE IN MEDIO ORIENTE
Note:L ERRORE IN MEDIO ORIENTE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,040
Blaming people for being “sectarian”—instead of making the best of such a natural tendency—is one of the stupidities of interventionistas.
Note:L ACCUSA DI TAZZISMO
Note:L ACCUSA DI TAZZISMO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,048
from the well-known behavior of crowds in the “anonymity” of big cities compared to groups in small villages.
Note:DUNBAR
Note:DUNBAR
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,056
NON MIHI NON TIBI, SED NOBIS (NEITHER MINE NOR YOURS, BUT OURS)
Note:Ttttttttt
Note:Ttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,057
“tragedy of the commons,”
Note:Ttttttttttt
Note:Ttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,060
what plagues socialism:
Note:TRAGEDIA DEI BENO COMUNI
Note:TRAGEDIA DEI BENO COMUNI
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,061
it is a critical mistake to think that people can function only under a private property system.
Note:OSTROM
Note:OSTROM
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,063
there exists a certain community size below which people act as collectivists, protecting the commons, as if the entire unit became rational.
Note:SUBDUNBAR
Note:SUBDUNBAR
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,064
municipal is different from the national.
Note:Cccccccc
Note:Cccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,065
tribes
Note:Ccccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,072
ARE YOU ON THE DIAGONAL?
Note:Tttttttttttt
Note:Tttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,075
I am, at the Fed level, libertarian; at the state level, Republican; at the local level, Democrat; and at the family and friends level, a socialist.
Note:DETTO DI VINCE GRAHM
Note:DETTO DI VINCE GRAHM
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,078
fatuousness of left vs. right labels,
Note:Ccccccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,079
Swiss are obsessive about governance—and indeed their political system is neither “left” nor “right,” but governance-based.
Note:ESEMPIO
Note:ESEMPIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,082
things worked well in Switzerland and other Germanic countries, it is not because of accountability so much as scaling, which makes them very prone to accountability: Germany is a federation.
Note:SVIZZERA
Note:SVIZZERA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,084
ALL (LITERALLY) IN THE SAME BOAT
Note:Ttttttttttt
Note:Ttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,088
The Acts of the Apostles describes a voyage of St. Paul on a cargo ship from Sidon to Crete to Malta. As they hit a storm: “When they had eaten what they wanted they lightened the ship by throwing the corn overboard into the sea.” Now while they jettisoned particular goods, all owners were to be proportioned
Note:UN CASO EVANGELICI DI RISK SHARING
Note:UN CASO EVANGELICI DI RISK SHARING
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,091
For it turned out that they were following a practice that dates to at least 800 B.C.,
Note:LEX RHODIA
Note:LEX RHODIA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,095
where merchandise is thrown overboard for the purpose of lightening a ship, what has been lost for the benefit of all must be made up by the contribution of all.
Note:CONTENUTO
Note:CONTENUTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,102
TALKING ONE’S BOOK
Note:Nttttttt TTtt
Note:Nttttttt TTtt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,104
Everyone, including the anchor, chipped in. My turn came: “I own no Microsoft stock, I am short no Microsoft stock [i.e., would benefit from its decline], hence I can’t talk about it.”
Note:AL DIBATTITO SU MICROSOFT TALEB NN RISPOSE
Note:AL DIBATTITO SU MICROSOFT TALEB NN RISPOSE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,105
Don’t tell me what you think, tell me what you have in your portfolio.
Note:...RICORDIAMO IL PORTAFOGLIO
Note:...RICORDIAMO IL PORTAFOGLIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,111
Another is buying a stock so you can advertise the qualities of the company, then selling it, benefiting from the trumpeting—this is called market manipulation,
Note:IL PERICOLO DI SKIN IN TEHA GAME
Note:IL PERICOLO DI SKIN IN TEHA GAME
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,113
We removed the skin in the game of journalists in order to prevent market manipulation,
Note:Cccccccccccc
Note:Cccccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,114
the former (market manipulation) and conflicts of interest are more benign than impunity for bad advice.
Note:LA TESI DEL LIBRO
Note:LA TESI DEL LIBRO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,115
in the absence of skin in the game, journalists will imitate, to be safe, the opinion of other journalists, thus creating monoculture
Note:LA RAGIONE
Note:LA RAGIONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,117
In general, skin in the game comes with conflict of interest.
Note:PURTROPPO
Note:PURTROPPO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,120
A SHORT VISIT TO THE DOCTOR’S OFFICE
Note:Tttttttttttt Un caso specif
Note:Tttttttttttt Un caso specif
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,125
The legal system and regulatory measures are likely to put the skin of the doctor in the wrong game.
Note:TESI
Note:TESI
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,127
metrics.
Note:PROBLEM
Note:PROBLEM
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,128
say a cancer doctor or hospital is judged by the five-year survival rates of patients,
Note:ESEMPIO DI MEYRICA
Note:ESEMPIO DI MEYRICA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,130
There is a tradeoff between laser surgery (a precise surgical procedure) and radiation therapy,
Note:LE CURE POSSIBILI
Note:LE CURE POSSIBILI
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,131
laser surgery may have worse five-year outcomes than radiation therapy, but the latter tends to create second tumors in the longer run
Note:PROBLEMA
Note:PROBLEMA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,135
A doctor is pushed by the system to transfer risk from himself to you,
Note:FINALE...RADIAZIONE A GO GO
Note:FINALE...RADIAZIONE A GO GO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,138
he has no direct emotional loss should your health experience a degradation.
Note:IL DOTTORE...UNO SCONOSCIUTO...
Note:IL DOTTORE...UNO SCONOSCIUTO...
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,139
His objective is, naturally, to avoid a lawsuit,
Note:IL DOTTORE NN È UN TUO FAMILIARE
Note:IL DOTTORE NN È UN TUO FAMILIARE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,140
Now, say you happen to visit a cardiologist and turn out to be in the mild risk category,
Note:SEI UNO CHE NN RISCHIA INFARTI
Note:SEI UNO CHE NN RISCHIA INFARTI
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,143
But the doctor is pressured to treat you
Note:PROCESSI IN VISTA...
Note:PROCESSI IN VISTA...
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,143
Should you drop dead a few weeks after the visit, a low probability event, the doctor can be sued for negligence,
Note:Cccccccccc
Note:Cccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,145
he may know that statins are harmful, as they will lead to long-term side effects.
Note:CONSEG NEGATIVE MA INVISIBILE
Note:CONSEG NEGATIVE MA INVISIBILE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,148
the long-term medical risks are hidden; they will play out in the long run, whereas the legal risk is immediate.
Note:ASIMMETRIA NEL RISCHIO
Note:ASIMMETRIA NEL RISCHIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,151
avoid treatment when he or she is mildly ill, but use medicine for the “tail events,” that is, for rarely encountered severe conditions.
Note:CONSIGLIO
Note:CONSIGLIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,154
both the doctor and the patient have skin in the game, though not perfectly, but administrators don’t—and
Note:IL PROBLEMA
Note:IL PROBLEMA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,157
NEXT
Tttttttttttt
Tttttttttttt
Etichette:
#kling dunbar,
asimmetria informativa,
conflitto interessi,
jerry muller tiranny of the metrics,
legalità,
legalità etica,
nassim taleb skin in the game,
scaling
HL 2. ARE BUSINESSES MORE FRAUDULENT THAN THE REST OF US?
2. ARE BUSINESSES MORE FRAUDULENT THAN THE REST OF US?
Note:2@@@@@@@@ no profit
Note:2@@@@@@@@ no profit
Yellow highlight | Location: 332
a lot of people just don’t trust business.
Note:IL PROBLEMA
Note:IL PROBLEMA
Yellow highlight | Location: 334
put profit ahead of acting ethically.
Note:IL PROBLEMA
Note:IL PROBLEMA
Yellow highlight | Location: 334
Volkswagen’s blatant circumvention
Note:ESEMPIO
Note:ESEMPIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 335
and Wells Fargo employees creating phony accounts
Yellow highlight | Location: 335
Wells Fargo employees creating phony accounts
Note:ALTRO ACCOUNT
Note:ALTRO ACCOUNT
Note | Location: 335
ALTRO CASO
Yellow highlight | Location: 337
It is widely understood that the profit motive can lead people to take bad actions,
Note:ASSUNTO
Note:ASSUNTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 340
We must first acknowledge the bad news—namely, that entire sectors of our corporate economy are based primarily on ripping off consumers.
Note:RICONOSCIMENTO ENLARGEMENT PENIS
Note:RICONOSCIMENTO ENLARGEMENT PENIS
Note | Location: 341
PENIS ENLARGEMENT
Yellow highlight | Location: 345
customers for these items spend their money to buy false hope,
Yellow highlight | Location: 345
spend their money to buy false hope,
Note:Ccccccccccccx
Note:Ccccccccccccx
Note | Location: 345
FALSE SPERANZE
Yellow highlight | Location: 347
Many dentists insist you get X-rays every year,
Note:ALTRO CASO
Note:ALTRO CASO
Note | Location: 348
IN CASO
Yellow highlight | Location: 348
Doctors get kickbacks for overprescribing antidepressants
Note:ALTRO CASO
Note:ALTRO CASO
Note | Location: 349
ALTRO CASO
Yellow highlight | Location: 352
I would start with the assumption that the sellers are trying to rip me off.
Note:SIA CHIARO
Note:SIA CHIARO
Yellow highlight | Location: 354
33 percent of packaged fish in the supermarket was inaccurately labeled regarding type or origin.
Note:SI SA
Note:SI SA
Yellow highlight | Location: 356
Another study showed that between 15 and 75 percent of the salmon claimed as wild actually was farmed;
Note:ALTRO CASO
Note:ALTRO CASO
Yellow highlight | Location: 361
The propensity of business to commit fraud is essentially just an extension of the propensity of people to commit fraud.
Note:TESI
Note:TESI
Yellow highlight | Location: 362
To paraphrase Cassius from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, “The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our corporations, but in ourselves.”
Note:CLASSICO
Note:CLASSICO
Yellow highlight | Location: 365
Businesses often limit fraud by creating institutional structures to constrain the worst sides of their managers
Note:SENONCHÈ....REPITAXIONE
Note:SENONCHÈ....REPITAXIONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 367
digital communication has raised the price of corporate dishonesty,
Note:OGGI
Note:OGGI
Yellow highlight | Location: 370
You’re more likely to be ripped off by your local TV repairman, your local doctor, or maybe even your cousin than you are likely to be cheated by McDonald’s or Walmart.
Note:TESI
Note:TESI
Yellow highlight | Location: 372
Big businesses have more to lose from fraud,
Note:LEGGE
Note:LEGGE
Yellow highlight | Location: 376
HOW FRAUDULENT IS BUSINESS IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE?
Note:Tttttttt
Note:Tttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 378
internet dating profiles.
Note:INIZOAMO CON UN ATEA RICCA DI FRODI
Note:INIZOAMO CON UN ATEA RICCA DI FRODI
Yellow highlight | Location: 379
53 percent of people admitted to having lied in their online dating profiles.
Note | Location: 380
Cccccc c
Yellow highlight | Location: 385
If you think of love, romance, and sex as especially important matters—
Note:GRAVE
Note:GRAVE
Yellow highlight | Location: 391
60 percent of adults will lie at least once within the course of a ten-minute conversation,
Note:PIÙ IN GENERALE
Note:PIÙ IN GENERALE
Yellow highlight | Location: 392
And that is only what people admitted to.
Note:Ccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 396
And how good should we feel about customer applications? What percentage of mortgage applications contain lies or half-truths?
Note:ALYRO CAMPO
Note:ALYRO CAMPO
Yellow highlight | Location: 397
How many resumes present an accurate picture?
Note:CIRRICULUM
Note:CIRRICULUM
Yellow highlight | Location: 400
at least 40 percent of resumes contained outright falsehoods.
Note:Ccccccc
Note:Ccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 403
According to one estimate, retailers lost $32 billion to shoplifting and employee theft in 2014, and often it is the consumer who ultimately pays the bill,
Note:FIRTO DIPENDENTI
Note:FIRTO DIPENDENTI
Yellow highlight | Location: 405
In 2014, 4.7 percent of American workers failed to pass their workplace drug tests,
Note:Ccccc
Note:Ccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 413
Personally, I would be hard-pressed to find a big business that lies to me as much as—presumably—my friends, family, and closest associates do.
Note:CONCLUSIONE
Note:CONCLUSIONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 426
The books that are most likely to be stolen from libraries are books on ethics, especially those that are likely to be read by faculty and advanced students in moral philosophy.
Note:NN LIBRI DI BUSINESS
Note:NN LIBRI DI BUSINESS
Yellow highlight | Location: 428
Nietzsche are among the most likely to be snatched,
Note:RECORD
Note:RECORD
Yellow highlight | Location: 429
businesspeople are not the most dishonest group after all.
Note:CONCLUSIOE
Note:CONCLUSIOE
Yellow highlight | Location: 432
The participants at the ethics sessions are just as likely to talk audibly while the speaker is presenting, let the door slam shut while entering or leaving a session, and leave behind clutter or garbage at the end of a session.
Note:COME TUTTI GLI ALTRI
Note:COME TUTTI GLI ALTRI
Yellow highlight | Location: 439
Stephens-Davidowitz: Everybody Lies.
Note:TESTI CHIAVE
Note:TESTI CHIAVE
Yellow highlight | Location: 447
THE TAX GAP
Note:Ttttttttttttttt
Note:Ttttttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 448
to look at tax fraud.
Note:UNA COMPARAZIONE CORPORSTE VS VPERSONE
Note:UNA COMPARAZIONE CORPORSTE VS VPERSONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 451
For the category “individual income tax,” the average tax gap for those years is $264 billion.
Note:X LE CORP 41 BILLION
Note:X LE CORP 41 BILLION
Yellow highlight | Location: 455
the personal income gap is more than six times larger than the corporate gap.
Note:Ccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 457
if we look at total revenue collected from personal income tax and from corporate income tax for 2010, the ratio is about 4.7 to 1.
Note:RATIO
Note:RATIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 463
CEOS IN LABORATORY GAMES
Note:Tttttttttt
Note:Tttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 463
Ernst Fehr and John A. List,
Note:GURU
Note:GURU
Yellow highlight | Location: 464
set up what is called a “trust game” and compared the performance of CEOs to non-CEOs.
Note:I CEO SONO PIÙ AFFIDABILI E MOSTRANO PIÙ FIDUCIA
Note:I CEO SONO PIÙ AFFIDABILI E MOSTRANO PIÙ FIDUCIA
Yellow highlight | Location: 488
CROSS-CULTURAL GAME THEORY
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Note:TTTTTTTTTTTT
Yellow highlight | Location: 489
how people from different cultures behave in economic games based on the choice to cooperate or not.
Note:ALTRO DATO
Note:ALTRO DATO
Yellow highlight | Location: 490
Joseph Henrich,
Note | Location: 490
GURU
Yellow highlight | Location: 491
the ultimatum game.
Note:LO STRUMENTO
Note:LO STRUMENTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 498
conclusion is that well-developed market societies have the strongest norms for fairness and sharing,
Note:I PIÙ COLLABORATIVI
Note:I PIÙ COLLABORATIVI
Yellow highlight | Location: 500
people from the more commercialized societies are much more willing to cooperate
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Note:Ccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 502
Frenchman Montesquieu, and others who were observing the rise of commercial society
Note:PRECEDENTI ILUSTRI
Note:PRECEDENTI ILUSTRI
Yellow highlight | Location: 505
the most effective way to boost profits in a business is to have employees who believe in working toward something other than pure profit maximization.
Note:MA DA DOVE VIENE QS INCLINAZIONE?
Note:MA DA DOVE VIENE QS INCLINAZIONE?
Yellow highlight | Location: 507
If you deliberately set out to be happy, you’ll probably end up less happy than if you focus on concrete achievements and building human connections. If you try to relax, or try too hard to fall asleep, or try too hard to fall in love, you may find those ends harder to accomplish.
Note:PARADOSSO BEN NOTO NEL MONDO AFFARI
Note:PARADOSSO BEN NOTO NEL MONDO AFFARI
Yellow highlight | Location: 510
optimization is done indirectly,
Note:REGOLA
Note:REGOLA
Yellow highlight | Location: 512
When business puts some social goals ahead of profit, at least for some particular decisions, business itself is often the biggest beneficiary.
Note:QUINDI
Note:QUINDI
Yellow highlight | Location: 513
corporate culture is a major driver of corporate success
Note:CORPORATE => CULTURE
Note:CORPORATE => CULTURE
Yellow highlight | Location: 517
corporate culture as the ultimate source of competitive advantage
Note:LO RICONOSCONO I CEO
Note:LO RICONOSCONO I CEO
Yellow highlight | Location: 537
DOES TRUST RISE WITH WEALTH?
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Note:Ttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 538
There is yet further evidence that wealthier, more business-oriented nations are more likely to induce higher levels of trust.
Note:TESI
Note:TESI
Yellow highlight | Location: 539
Paul J. Zak and Stephen Knack,
Note:GURU
Note:GURU
Yellow highlight | Location: 540
which nations’ citizens demonstrate the most trust, using questionnaire answers from the World Values Survey.
Note:COSA
Note:COSA
Yellow highlight | Location: 547
study shows a clear relationship between levels of trust and per capita income.
Note:CORRELAZIONE
Note:CORRELAZIONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 547
Norway, Sweden, South Korea, and much of the Anglo-American world are relatively high-trust
Note:CHI
Note:CHI
Yellow highlight | Location: 550
difficult to disentangle cause and effect.
Note:MA...
Note:MA...
Yellow highlight | Location: 551
Most likely, both effects operate in a mutually reinforcing fashion,
Note:FEEDBACK
Note:FEEDBACK
Yellow highlight | Location: 553
NONPROFITS VS. FOR-PROFITS
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Note:Ttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 554
If you think profits induce corruption, you might then conclude that nonprofits should be especially trustworthy.
Note:PREMESSA
Note:PREMESSA
Yellow highlight | Location: 555
for-profits and nonprofits, at least if we are comparing enterprises in the same basic economic sector, usually operate in pretty similar ways
Note:INVECE
Note:INVECE
Yellow highlight | Location: 559
charities typically are funded by wealth earned through business and donated by businesspeople.
Note:PRIMA OSSERVAZIOKNE
Note:PRIMA OSSERVAZIOKNE
Yellow highlight | Location: 561
dishonesty and fraud are rife at nonprofits.
Note:MA POI..
Note:MA POI..
Yellow highlight | Location: 562
many nonprofits manipulate metrics so that the resources devoted to fundraising or to overhead appear lower than they really are.
Note:TIPICO
Note:TIPICO
Yellow highlight | Location: 563
Plenty of charities and nonprofits don’t actually change or improve the world or deliver any useful product at all,
Note | Location: 564
SECONDO...EFFECTIVE ALTRUISM
Yellow highlight | Location: 566
If we look at hospitals, we see that for-profits and nonprofits just aren’t that different,
Note:SETTORI COMUNI
Note:SETTORI COMUNI
Yellow highlight | Location: 572
after one set of hospitals switched to for-profit status, their mortality rates did not change,
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Note:Ttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 576
There is one area where the for-profits appear to be considerably more fraudulent than the nonprofits, and that is higher education.
Note:PUNTO DOLENTE
Note:PUNTO DOLENTE
Yellow highlight | Location: 585
OUR OWN UNDERSTANDING OF BUSINESS LACKS BALANCE
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Note:Ttttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 586
British physician and science writer Ben Goldacre’s well-known book Bad Pharma.
Note:ESEMPIO DI CRITICISMO ECCESSIVO
Note:ESEMPIO DI CRITICISMO ECCESSIVO
Yellow highlight | Location: 591
Pharmaceutical companies often promote drugs that in specific situations are unlikely to help; they bribe doctors, either explicitly or implicitly, to overprescribe medications; they keep trial results secret when they should not;
Note:MOLTE VERITÀ
Note:MOLTE VERITÀ
Yellow highlight | Location: 594
Not Nearly as Good as It Could Be Pharma: How Corruption Is Diminishing One of Our Great Benefactors.
Note:UN TITOLO ALTERNATIVO ALL OPERA
Note:UN TITOLO ALTERNATIVO ALL OPERA
Yellow highlight | Location: 595
Frank Lichtenberg
Note:IL GURU
Note:IL GURU
Yellow highlight | Location: 596
drug companies are saving human lives at remarkably low cost—roughly $12,900 per year of life gained.
Note:PRIMO
Note:PRIMO
Yellow highlight | Location: 597
two-thirds of the life expectancy boost for elderly Americans over the period 1996–2003 was due to prescription drugs
Note:POI
Note:POI
Yellow highlight | Location: 601
Just ask the HIV-positive people who were preparing to die in the early 1990s when a new class of drugs allowed those receiving timely treatment a life expectancy close to the average for all people.
Note:ESSEMPIO DEL BENE FATTO
Note:ESSEMPIO DEL BENE FATTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 612
researchers Nathan Brooks and Katarina Fritzon, rates of psychopathy among business leaders may range from 4 to 20 percent compared with a possible estimate of about 1 percent for the population as a whole.
Note:RISULTATO PRESENTATO COME MINACCOA QUANDO NN LO È
Note:RISULTATO PRESENTATO COME MINACCOA QUANDO NN LO È
Yellow highlight | Location: 614
leader can be put into the diagnostic category of psychopath without being harmful or dangerous in any way. It suffices, for instance, for a business leader to show signs of “grandiosity, glibness, and entitlement.”
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Note:Ccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 623
THE GOOD NEWS
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Note:Tttttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 624
with the rise of the internet and social media they have had an increasing incentive to behave honestly.
Note:LA NOVITÀ
Note:LA NOVITÀ
Yellow highlight | Location: 626
high reputational penalties.
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Note:Cccccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 631
As for professional services, the spread of information previously only available to experts has made it harder for dentists to push unneeded treatments. If you Google “Do I really need that root canal?”
Note:ESEMPIO
Note:ESEMPIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 639
ask whether government has become more honest in recent times.
Note:ABBIAMO GIÀ CFR CON IN NNPROFIT...ALTRO TERMINE DI PARAGONE
Note:ABBIAMO GIÀ CFR CON IN NNPROFIT...ALTRO TERMINE DI PARAGONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 641
Approval ratings for Congress have been at all-time lows, often below 10 percent.
Note:INDIZI
Note:INDIZI
Yellow highlight | Location: 644
Overall, I see that the trustworthiness of mainstream business is going up and that of government is going down.
Note:INTUIZIONE
Note:INTUIZIONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 651
3 Why Most Academic Advertising Is Immoral Bullshit
3 Why Most Academic Advertising Is Immoral Bullshit
Note:3@@@@@@@@
Note:3@@@@@@@@
Yellow highlight | Location: 874
Wharton, Harvard Business School, Stanford Graduate School of Business, Georgetown’s McDonough School of Business,
Note:IN COMPETIZIONE X IL MBA
Note:IN COMPETIZIONE X IL MBA
Yellow highlight | Location: 876
EMBA programs are highly profitable. They’re expensive, but the students’ employers often pay their tuition.
Note:RESA
Note:RESA
Yellow highlight | Location: 884
Many universities advertise to enhance their prestige. As an analogy, you might be surprised to see BMW, Mercedes Benz, or Rolex advertise to audiences that cannot afford their products.
Note:ANALOGIA
Note:ANALOGIA
Yellow highlight | Location: 888
All things equal, the lower a university’s acceptance rate, the more prestigious it is.
Note:LA STRANEZZA
Note:LA STRANEZZA
Yellow highlight | Location: 891
They want to trick the students into applying, so they can reject them, thus ensuring that the schools maintain a lower acceptance rate.
Note:HARVARD E YALE E LA PRESSIONE SUI DISPERATI
Note:HARVARD E YALE E LA PRESSIONE SUI DISPERATI
Yellow highlight | Location: 895
we’ll examine how they promise (or at least strongly insinuate) that they will transform students, teach them to think, and turn them into leaders.
Note:LE PALLE
Note:LE PALLE
Yellow highlight | Location: 898
They are not exactly lying, but selling snake oil.
Note:INTENDIAMOCI
Note:INTENDIAMOCI
Yellow highlight | Location: 901
Transformative Experience!
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Note:Ttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 902
Harvard University offers a “transformative education.”
Note:IL MOTTO
Note:IL MOTTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 905
“helping students grow intellectually, spiritually and emotionally
Note:AGEORGETOWN U
Note:AGEORGETOWN U
Yellow highlight | Location: 908
“develops principled leaders committed to serving both business and society.”
Note:GEORGETOWN
Note:GEORGETOWN
Yellow highlight | Location: 910
is committed to the idea of a liberal arts education through which students think and learn across disciplines, literally liberating or freeing the mind to its fullest potential.
Note:YEALE AH AH AH
Note:YEALE AH AH AH
Yellow highlight | Location: 915
you will learn to read critically, write cogently and think broadly.
Note:PRIVETON
Note:PRIVETON
Yellow highlight | Location: 923
You’ll be ready to live, work, and lead across global borders.”
Note:AMHREST COLLEGE
Note:AMHREST COLLEGE
Yellow highlight | Location: 929
At Northwood University, leadership isn’t simply taught, it’s instilled.
Note:ES
Note:ES
Yellow highlight | Location: 933
at the “edge of possible . . . also known as the University of New Hampshire . . . there’s a new opportunity around every corner,
Note:ESEMPIO
Note:ESEMPIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 935
George Mason University offers “a college experience like no other.” Their “top priority is to provide students with a transformational learning experience
Note:ESEMPIO
Note:ESEMPIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 937
Two hours away, competitor James Madison University offers “A Better You.”
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Note:Cccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 945
Southern Methodist University proclaims, “World Changers Shaped Here.”
Note:ES
Note:ES
Yellow highlight | Location: 950
Hillsdale College “offers an education designed to equip human beings for self-government.
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Note:Cccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 963
US college spends about $472,000 a year on marketing advertisements.
Note:MARKETING
Note:MARKETING
Yellow highlight | Location: 969
a growing minority have started outsourcing their marketing to public relations firms,
Note:OUTSOURCI G MARKET
Note:OUTSOURCI G MARKET
Yellow highlight | Location: 971
While some marketing may be necessary to sustain recruitment, every dollar spent on marketing has any number of other potential uses:
Note:LO SPRECO
Note:LO SPRECO
Yellow highlight | Location: 976
The Wonder of the Liberal Arts!
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Note:Ttttttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 977
Even engineering and business schools require students to spend far more time learning theory and abstract concepts
Note:SCUOLE NN PROFESSIONALI
Note:SCUOLE NN PROFESSIONALI
Yellow highlight | Location: 978
focus on the liberal arts.
Note:IL CENTRO
Note:IL CENTRO
Yellow highlight | Location: 979
Why study the liberal arts?
Note:LA DOMANDA
Note:LA DOMANDA
Yellow highlight | Location: 983
the intellectual skills of critical thinking, analysis of information, and effective expression of ideas.
Note:COSA INSTILLA L ARTE LIBERALE
Note:COSA INSTILLA L ARTE LIBERALE
Yellow highlight | Location: 987
how to think.
Note:PRI.MO BENEFICIO
Note:PRI.MO BENEFICIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 988
how to learn.
Note:SECONTO
Note:SECONTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 989
see things whole.
Note:TERZO
Note:TERZO
Yellow highlight | Location: 990
enhances students’ wisdom
Note:QUARTO
Note:QUARTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 992
contributes to the students’ happiness.
Note:QUINTO
Note:QUINTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 994
To be liberally educated is to be transformed.
Note:ALTRA SLOGAN
Note:ALTRA SLOGAN
Yellow highlight | Location: 994
frees your mind and helps you connect dots
Note:ALTRA
Note:ALTRA
Yellow highlight | Location: 998
how to communicate your ideas; find and analyze information and data; adapt to new technology and professional trends; work with others to solve problems; and make confident, knowledgeable decisions.
Note:ALTRA ESPOSIZ VIRTÙ
Note:ALTRA ESPOSIZ VIRTÙ
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,008
appreciation for critical inquiry and independent thought and reasoning.
Note:COSA ENFATIZZA
Note:COSA ENFATIZZA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,023
help students write and communicate clearly; assist students in thinking through hard problems; and make students morally better and more aware, with a wider perspective. The word “transform” appears again and again.
Note:ALTRO ELENCHINO
Note:ALTRO ELENCHINO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,028
Why Study Philosophy?
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Note:Tttttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,029
To parents, philosophy may sound useless:
Note:IL PROBLEMA
Note:IL PROBLEMA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,032
Studying philosophy improves your writing, communication, thinking, finding connections, evaluating ideas, and so on. It prepares you for everything.
Note:TENTATIVI DI RIMEDIARE
Note:TENTATIVI DI RIMEDIARE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,034
philosophy itself brings unique benefits, especially in terms of standardized test preparation.
Note:IN PIÙ
Note:IN PIÙ
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,037
Philosophy majors have the fourth highest overall GMAT scores of any major,
Note:I CAVALLI DI BATTAGLIA UNO...
Note:I CAVALLI DI BATTAGLIA UNO...
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,038
Philosophy majors have the highest average LSAT
Note:SECONDO
Note:SECONDO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,039
Philosophy majors have the highest average GRE verbal and analytic writing scores
Note:TERZO
Note:TERZO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,042
Philosophy majors have the highest midcareer salaries of all non-STEM majors,
Note:QUARTO
Note:QUARTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,047
Philosophy students learn how to write clearly, and to read closely, with a critical eye; they are taught to spot bad reasoning, and how to avoid it in their writing and in their work.
Note:Cccccfcf
Note:Cccccfcf
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,052
Studying philosophy can also help you get into graduate school. Philosophy majors excel on standardized tests like the GRE, GMAT, and LSAT.
Note:Cccccccccc
Note:Cccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,074
The study of philosophy develops one’s abilities to read and understand difficult material,
Note:Cccccccccc
Note:Cccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,084
they claim that studying philosophy makes you not only better at, well, doing philosophy, but also it trains you to be good at critical thinking in any and every walk of life. They do not just claim that the skills could be transferred to any area, but that studying philosophy, in fact, will induce you to transfer and apply those skills elsewhere.
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Note:Ccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,092
Selection versus Treatment Effects
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Note:Ttttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,093
“Drink this tea concoction every day for seven to ten days, and the cold is certain to go away.”
Note:A ROCETTA DELLA NONNA
Note:A ROCETTA DELLA NONNA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,095
colds generally disappear after seven to ten days anyway.
Note:EFFETTO SELEZIONE
Note:EFFETTO SELEZIONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,098
Aiden’s teacher said, “We know we’re doing great work when we see them like this. They’re so much more mature now than they were three years ago.” Once again, Jason bit his tongue, but later said to his wife: “Yes, of course, they’re more mature. They started the program at age 3, and now they’re 6.”
Note:ALTRP ESEMPIO
Note:ALTRP ESEMPIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,111
People with bachelor’s degrees are generally smarter and more successful than people without bachelor’s degrees.
Note:COME INTERPRETI?
Note:COME INTERPRETI?
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,118
we would need to determine if A) philosophy makes people smarter, B) the people who study philosophy are, on average, smarter, or C) both statements are true.
Note:INDETERMINATO
Note:INDETERMINATO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,119
When laypeople see graphs showing that philosophy majors have high GRE and LSAT scores, they tend to assume, “Wow, philosophy must make you smart, or at least teach you how to do well on such tests.”
Note:LAYPEOPLE
Note:LAYPEOPLE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,123
Treatment Effect: People who study philosophy become smarter
Note:1
Note:1
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,125
Selection Effect: The people who choose to major in philosophy and who obtain a degree in philosophy are already smarter
Note:2
Note:2
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,145
Obviously, a great deal of it is selection. After all, Harvard is exceptionally selective.
Note:CONGETTURA
Note:CONGETTURA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,157
classics are hard and require a lot of work and effort.
Note:IL LICEO CLASSICO...NN TI PREPARA MA SELEZIONA
Note:IL LICEO CLASSICO...NN TI PREPARA MA SELEZIONA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,170
Universities, liberal arts divisions, and philosophy departments generally aren’t in a position to justifiably make such claims. They don’t know if these claims are true. Thus, we’ll argue, they’re engaging in what we’ll call “negligent advertising.”
Note:IL PUNTO
Note:IL PUNTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,173
Negligent Advertising: The Pfizer Analogy
Note:Tttttttttttt
Note:Tttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,174
Introducing Collegra! Collegra is a drug unlike any other. If you take Collegra 256 times a year for four years, Collegra will improve your critical reasoning, moral reasoning, analytic, and quantitative skills. It will transform you into a better person with a global mindset. It will make you able to face any challenge. It will prepare you for any job. It will dramatically improve your cognitive skills. It will make you score higher on standardized tests, such as the LSAT or GMAT. Furthermore, it will help you make more money! Indeed, Collegra users, on average, earn an extra million dollars of lifetime income compared to nonusers. The cost of Collegra varies from person to person. Collegra is not covered by your insurance.
Note:PYBBLICITÀ DELLA PFIZER
Note:PYBBLICITÀ DELLA PFIZER
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,182
Warning: Taking Collegra is more like undergoing chemotherapy than taking a pill. Users need to spend at least thirty hours a week for thirty weeks a year over four years for it to be effective. Most users will be unable to work at a job while taking Collegra. Side effects include increased tendency to engage in binge drinking and to acquire tens of thousands of dollars in debt. If
Note:Ccccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,188
Now imagine that Pfizer sincerely believes everything it says. But suppose Pfizer has not engaged in any of the standard testing that drug companies must conduct in order to sell drugs in the US or Europe. They have conducted no clinical trials. They have done no randomized controlled experiments.
Note:CONTROFATTUALE
Note:CONTROFATTUALE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,190
All they have, at most, are various statistics showing that drug users outperform nondrug users. Suppose, also, that they have good reason to suspect that their “findings” are the result of a selection effect, because Pfizer itself has explicitly chosen to only administer their drug to smart, conscientious, perseverant, and already successful people.
Note:Ccccccccccc
Note:Ccccccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,193
would Pfizer’s advertisement be unethical?
Note:DOMANDA
Note:DOMANDA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,197
Negligent advertising: Selling a product based on the claim that the product delivers certain benefits, despite lacking evidence that the product, in fact, delivers those benefits.
Note:LA PAROLA GIUSTA
Note:LA PAROLA GIUSTA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,208
Negligent advertising is bad, but just how bad depends, in part, on the cost of the product.
Note:INOLTRE
Note:INOLTRE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,224
If Pfizer engaged in any of this behavior, our academic colleagues would be up in arms.
Note:FONTE DELL INDIGNAZIONE
Note:FONTE DELL INDIGNAZIONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,227
But, perhaps not surprisingly, we college professors hold ourselves and our employers to far lower moral standards than we hold others.
Note:IPOTESI
Note:IPOTESI
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,230
Problem 1: Universities Do Not Test Their Products
Note:Ttttttttrrrr
Note:Ttttttttrrrr
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,256
Problem 2: Evidence of Selection Effects
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Note:Ttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,284
fact, we already have strong evidence of a selection effect. High school students who say they intend to major in philosophy have significantly higher than average SAT scores.
Note:INDIZIO
Note:INDIZIO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,293
In general, studies on the positive benefits of philosophy are inconclusive; some show no effect, some show a negative effect, and some find a weak positive effect.
Note:LA REALTÀ
Note:LA REALTÀ
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,305
writing skills, lifetime income, employment rates, marital satisfaction, health, and whatnot.
Note:SUCCESSO =
Note:SUCCESSO =
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,309
“If 1,000 people with an IQ of 130, identical socioeconomic backgrounds, etc., go to Harvard, and 1,000 otherwise identical people go to a no-name school, how much better, on average, will the Harvard graduates do in life, if at all?”
Note:LA DOMANDA
Note:LA DOMANDA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,311
Stacy Dale and Alan Krueger
Note:GLI ESPERTI
Note:GLI ESPERTI
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,314
Bill Easterly
Note:ALTRO GURU
Note:ALTRO GURU
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,322
Krueger and Dale studied what happened to students who were accepted at an Ivy or a similar institution, but chose instead to attend a less sexy, “moderately selective” school. It turned out that such students had, on average, the same income twenty years later as graduates of the elite colleges.
Note:SINTESI DEGLI STUDI
Note:SINTESI DEGLI STUDI
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,331
Problem 3: Evidence of Signaling
Note:Ttttttttttt
Note:Ttttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,334
The “Harvard” name adds a little in the short run, but not much in the long run.
Note:ATENZIONE
Note:ATENZIONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,336
why, in general, college students make more money than others? There are two basic theories that could explain this: •Human capital theory: Wages are determined by productivity, and productivity is determined by skills.
Note:PRIMA DOMANDA E PRIMA RISPOSTA
Note:PRIMA DOMANDA E PRIMA RISPOSTA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,341
Signaling theory: It’s difficult and costly for employers to sort good potential employees from bad ones. However, to complete a college degree, especially from an “elite” school or with a “difficult” major, requires students to pass a lengthy and difficult admission process, and then survive four years of jumping through hoops, pass mentally difficult (even if useless) classes, and so on.
Note:SECONDA TEORIA
Note:SECONDA TEORIA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,347
Academic marketing pushes the human capital theory. But it’s possible that the signaling theory explains some, most, or even all of the gains college graduates receive.
Note:LA SFIDA
Note:LA SFIDA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,352
Bryan Caplan’s The Case Against Education
Note:L ESPERTO
Note:L ESPERTO
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,363
Problem 4: Evidence Most Students Don’t Learn Soft Skills
Note:TtttttttttttSoft...critical thinking analitical thinking problem solving writing
Note:TtttttttttttSoft...critical thinking analitical thinking problem solving writing
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,364
nonrandom selection is at play
Note:IL PROBLEMA DEI TEST
Note:IL PROBLEMA DEI TEST
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,366
In principle, we could test majors by testing students’ skills before college, randomly assigning thousands of students to different majors, and then test them again after they complete their majors.
Note:IL TEST IDEALE
Note:IL TEST IDEALE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,369
However, it’s easier to measure whether college as a whole adds value.
Note:AV
Note:AV
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,372
it’s possible these skills fade away after students leave college.
Note:DISSOLVENZA
Note:DISSOLVENZA
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,374
Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa published Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses.
Note:OPUS
Note:OPUS
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,375
depressing statistics.
Note:Cccccccx
Note:Cccccccx
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,383
critical thinking, analytical reasoning, problem solving, and writing.”
Note:SOFT SKILL
Note:SOFT SKILL
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,386
the CLA tests the soft skills that liberal arts curricula are supposed to “instill,”
Note:Ccccccc
Note:Ccccccc
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,407
our best available long-term, comprehensive study found no evidence that most students learn much.
Note:CONLUSIONE
Note:CONLUSIONE
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,408
Problem 5: Students Don’t Seem to Transfer Soft Skills
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Note:Tttttttttt
Yellow highlight | Location: 1,412
these classes teach students how to think.
Note:ASSUNTO DELLE LIBERAL ARTS....FILOSOFIA CLASSICI LEYTERATURA...
Note:ASSUNTO DELLE LIBERAL ARTS....FILOSOFIA CLASSICI LEYTERATURA...
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logic, analysis, conceptual clarification, and interpretation.
Note:LE SKILLS SELLE LIBRAL ARTS
Note:LE SKILLS SELLE LIBRAL ARTS
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isolate cause and effect, to assess reasons, and to evaluate arguments.
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A liberal arts major can learn “hard skills” specific to this or that job in a few weeks,
Note:LE VIRTÙ
Note:LE VIRTÙ
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Most professors continue to take it for granted;
Note:DOGMA
Note:DOGMA
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Liberal arts schools do not merely claim that their students will be interpreting Shakespeare, reading difficult historical texts, or finding holes in philosophical arguments. They assert that students can and will use those “skills” to interpret the stock market, devise better marketing methods, read difficult corporate memos, or find holes in a strategic business plan.
Note:TRANSFERT LEARNING
Note:TRANSFERT LEARNING
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As Caplan summarizes: Can believers in the power of learning-how-to-think back up teachers’ boasts with hard evidence? For the most part, no.
Note:LETTERATURA TRANSFERT LEARNING
Note:LETTERATURA TRANSFERT LEARNING
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As a rule, students only learn the material you specifically teach them
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Richard Haskell
Note:GURU
Note:GURU
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research findings over the past nine decades clearly show that as individuals, and as educational institutions, we have failed to achieve transfer of learning on any significant level.
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Note:CONCLUSION
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Douglas Detterman
Note:GURU
Note:GURU
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there is very little empirical evidence showing meaningful transfer to occur
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Note:CONC
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Terry Hyland and Steve Johnson
Note:GURU
Note:GURU
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we believe that the pursuit of [general transferable] skills is a chimera-hunt,
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How do educational psychologists know? One way is to run experiments.
Note:PRIMA VIA DI CONOSCENZA
Note:PRIMA VIA DI CONOSCENZA
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Another investigative strategy is to ask students to apply their classroom skills outside the classroom, and then see if they’re any good at it. In general, they’re not.
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Note:ALTRA VIA
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Barry Leshowitz
Note:IL GIR
Note:IL GIR
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Leshowitz gave students an easy question. These students had spent years training to answer questions like this, but couldn’t do it.
Note:I SUOI ESPERIMENTI
Note:I SUOI ESPERIMENTI
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Summary
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What Should We Do about It?
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While drug companies are subject to FDA regulations and can be sued
Note:LA DIFFERENZA
Note:LA DIFFERENZA
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Regulate academic marketing the way we regulate other forms of marketing,
Note:PRIMA SOLUZIONE
Note:PRIMA SOLUZIONE
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Launch and succeed in a class-action lawsuit
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Note:2
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Face competition from alternative forms of education
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